Second-Wave Feminism, When the Personal Became Political

The Lesbian Feminist Who Refused to Abandon Sex Workers: Pat Califia and the Politics of Sexual Dissent

One of the strangest recurring patterns inside institutional feminism is how efficiently it forgets the women who challenged its boundaries most aggressively. Not accidentally forgets - the forgetting tends to be too consistent and too convenient to be accidental. The women who are quietly edited out of official histories are usually the ones whose existence raises questions the institution is not prepared to answer. The ones whose politics could not be absorbed without requiring something to change.

The Woman Behind the Protest Signs: Margo St. James and the Politics of Naming Yourself

One of the strangest recurring patterns inside institutional feminism is how efficiently it forgets the women who challenged its boundaries most aggressively. Not accidentally forgets - the forgetting tends to be too consistent and too convenient to be accidental. The women who are quietly edited out of official histories are usually the ones whose existence raises questions the institution is not prepared to answer. The ones whose politics could not be absorbed without requiring something to change.

What Is Carceral Feminism?

Carceral feminism is a branch of feminist politics that relies primarily on policing, prosecution, incarceration, and other punitive state mechanisms as the main tools for addressing gender-based violence, sexual exploitation, trafficking, and abuse. It treats punishment as a path to liberation  -  but critics argue that in practice, it often strengthens the very systems that harm the people feminism claims to protect. Carceral feminism didn't begin as a conspiracy. It began as a strategy.

Why Carceral Feminism Gets Consent Wrong (Again)

Spoiler: If your feminism relies on police and prisons, it's not protecting us—it's punishing us. For a movement that claims to be rooted in liberation, carceral feminism sure loves a cage. Carceral feminism is the belief that the best—or only—way to address gender-based violence is through criminalization, policing, and punishment. It rose to prominence in the 1990s alongside tough-on-crime legislation and second-wave calls for legal reform. On the surface, it sounds reasonable: violence against women is bad, so we should punish the people who commit it.

First Wave Feminism: The Birth of a Movement

The term feminism entered the political landscape in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, as these long-standing struggles began to cohere into identifiable movements - particularly in Europe and the United States. Historians refer to this period as first-wave feminism, a label that is tidy in theory and messy in reality. It reflects a movement shaped by its time, its geography, and its proximity to power.