The 1863 New York City Draft Riots: Race and Rage

Haiti's Indemnity: The Price of Freedom

In 1825, France demanded Haiti pay 150 million francs for its independence—a debt that crippled the nation for over a century. This episode explores the story of the Haitian indemnity, from the wars of liberation under Jean-Jacques Dessalines and Alexandre Pétion to the French gunboat diplomacy that forced the young republic to choose between re-enslavement and ruinous payments. We trace the indemnity's roots in the Bois Caïman ceremony of 1791, the audacity of Toussaint Louverture, and the betrayal after Haiti's victory at Vertières. We examine the role of Charles X, the French ordinance of 1825, and how Haitian presidents like Jean-Pierre Boyer negotiated—and later regretted—the deal. The episode also covers the internal Haitian tensions between the rural masses and the elite who shouldered the burden, the shift from French to American financial control, and the final payoff in 1947. It's a story of economic warfare, racial prejudice, and a debt that was never justly owed. #HaitianIndemnity #HaitianRevolution #JeanJacquesDessalines #ToussaintLouverture #AlexandrePétion #JeanPierreBoyer #CharlesX #Vertières #BoisCaïman #France #Haiti #Reparations #Slavery #Colonialism #History #FexingoHistory #SovereignDebt #CaribbeanHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

The Slave Trade's Bankers: How London Insured the Middle Passage

We often picture slave ships leaving African ports with captains like Luke Collingwood calling the shots. But behind those voyages stood a far more invisible infrastructure: the bankers, insurers, and investors in London and Liverpool who made the trade possible. In this episode, Lucas and Luna trace the financial architecture of the Atlantic slave trade — from the Royal African Company's monopoly to the rise of private underwriting at Lloyd's Coffee House. They explore how insurance policies literally priced enslaved people as cargo, how 'general average' claims turned murder into a business expense, and how the 1781 Zong massacre was ultimately an insurance dispute. The conversation also examines the financial networks that propped up the trade across British, French, and Portuguese empires, and the early abolitionist strategy of targeting insurance and credit. Specific names include James Rogers (a Bristol banker who collapsed under debt), Anthony Bacon (a London merchant who traded slave-produced goods), and John Kennion (a Liverpool slave trader who went bankrupt). The episode touches on the 1807 Abolition Act's financial compensation for slave owners and the long shadow of these financial institutions. #SlaveTrade #Insurance #Lloyds #MiddlePassage #ZongMassacre #RoyalAfricanCompany #Liverpool #London #Banking #GeneralAverage #JamesRogers #AnthonyBacon #JohnKennion #Abolition #Compensation #1807AbolitionAct #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

The 1823 Demerara Slave Revolt: Missionaries and Martyrdom

In August 1823, a massive slave revolt erupted in the British colony of Demerara (modern-day Guyana), involving over 10,000 enslaved people. Unlike many uprisings, this one was nonviolent in its demands, driven by a misinterpretation of new British policies and fueled by the teachings of Christian missionaries. The revolt was brutally suppressed, leading to the execution of its leader, Jack Gladstone, and the controversial trial and sentencing of missionary John Smith, whose death in prison sparked outrage in Britain and accelerated the abolitionist movement. This episode explores the key figures: Jack Gladstone, his father Quamina, and Governor John Murray; the role of the London Missionary Society and Smith's Bethel Chapel; the revolt's suppression by Colonel Leahy and the West India Regiments; and its aftermath, including the 1824 Order in Council and the abolition of slavery in the British Empire in 1834. We also discuss the legacy of Smith as a martyr and the impact of the revolt on British public opinion. #Demerara #JackGladstone #JohnSmith #Quamina #1823SlaveRevolt #BethelChapel #LondonMissionarySociety #JohnMurray #Leahy #WestIndiaRegiments #OrderInCouncil #BritishAbolition #Guyana #History #FexingoHistory #SlaveRevolt #Martyr #Missionaries Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

The 1791 Haitian Revolution Begins: Bois Caïman Ceremony

In August 1791, on a humid night in the forests of Saint-Domingue, a Vodou ceremony at a place called Bois Caïman ignited the largest slave revolt in the Americas — one that would ultimately destroy the French empire's most profitable colony and create the first Black republic. This episode takes you inside that night: the priest Dutty Boukman, the mambo Cécile Fatiman, the animal sacrifice, and the oath of rebellion. We explore the political chaos of the French Revolution that made the uprising possible, the alliance between enslaved Africans and free people of color, and the brutal reprisals that followed. We also examine the role of Vodou as a unifying force — how a faith born of African traditions and Catholic symbolism gave revolutionaries a shared purpose. From the sugar plantations of the Plaine du Nord to the mountain forts of the former slaves, this is the story of a revolution that began with a prayer and ended with a nation. #HaitianRevolution #BoisCaïman #DuttyBoukman #CécileFatiman #Vodou #SaintDomingue #SlaveRevolt #ToussaintLouverture #FrenchRevolution #Mackandal #Marronnage #CodeNoir #PlaineDuNord #1791 #CaribbeanHistory #History #FexingoHistory #Resistance Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

Bussa's Rebellion: Barbados 1816 and the Fight for Freedom

When news of the failed abolition bill in Britain reached Barbados in 1816, the island's enslaved population rose in the largest slave revolt in Barbadian history. This episode explores the Bussa Rebellion — a meticulously planned uprising led by an enslaved ranger named Bussa, whose name echoes in Barbadian national memory but whose life remains frustratingly obscure. We trace the conspiracy through sugar plantations across the parish of St. Philip, the role of enslaved drivers and artisans, the brutal suppression by local militia and British troops, and the aftermath that reshaped colonial policy. Along the way, we discuss the myth and reality of Bussa himself, the coded communication networks enslaved people used, and the ways this rebellion is remembered today — from the Emancipation Statue in Bridgetown to debates about who actually led it. A story of courage, tragedy, and the long arc of resistance. #Bussa #Barbados #BussaRebellion #SlaveRevolt #1816 #StPhilipBarbados #EmancipationStatue #CaribbeanHistory #SugarPlantations #BritishEmpire #Abolition #SlaveResistance #WestIndianHistory #ColonialBarbados #Bridgetown #History #FexingoHistory #AtlanticSlaveTrade Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]