They Danced Until They Died: The Dancing Plague of 1518 | Mass Hysteria, Medieval Suffering & the Body's Breaking Point

Velvet Guillotine | Dastardly Places, Ep. 2 | "Surgeons' Square, Edinburgh — The Market That Ran on Corpses"

There is a small square in Edinburgh's Old Town that most tourists walk past without stopping. It sits just off the Royal Mile, tucked behind the university's medical buildings, unremarkable in the way that places with very remarkable histories often are. A few historic plaques. Some academic architecture. The kind of quiet institutional atmosphere that communicates: serious work happens here. Has always happened here. That is true. Serious work did happen here. It's just that some of that serious work required a steady supply of human corpses, and the people supplying them were not particular about how those corpses were obtained. In this episode of Dastardly Places, April Rain walks the geography of the body trade — the specific streets and buildings where medicine decided that some people's deaths were more useful than others, and where the line between science and murder turned out to be thinner than anyone wanted to admit. Surgeons' Square, Edinburgh. The anatomical epicenter of early modern medicine. The place where the science of the human body was built, and where the market for human bodies was built alongside it, with considerably less fanfare and considerably more violence. She covers the geography of procurement — the specific graveyards that served as hunting grounds for the resurrection men, the routes the bodies traveled in sacks at night, the etiquette of a transaction that everyone above a certain social station understood and looked away from. Greyfriars Kirkyard, famous today for a small bronze terrier, is scattered with mortsafes — iron cages bolted over graves by families who could afford them, the physical record of a community's terror written in rust. The people who couldn't afford iron responded with grief, helplessness, and occasionally with riots. Then 10 Surgeons' Square. The address where Dr. Robert Knox ran his anatomy school. The address where, on the night of October 31, 1827, William Hare discovered that the body of a dead lodger could be sold for seven pounds and ten shillings — and where, over the following year, Burke and Hare delivered sixteen murder victims to a man who paid without asking questions because the market had its etiquette and the etiquette required not asking. Knox was never prosecuted. The system protected him because the system needed him. Because there was no clean way to draw the line between the murderers and the institution that had created the conditions for them. Then the Anatomy Act of 1832 — which did not end the body trade but legalized its operating principle: that the bodies of the poor were available for medical science in a way that the bodies of the wealthy were not. The workhouses of Edinburgh's Old Town were the source. Surgeons' Square was the destination. The Act drew a legal line between them and called it science. The square is still there. The mortsafes are still in Greyfriars Kirkyard. The archive is more specific than the plaques. The Royal College of Surgeons has a museum. It does not have an exhibit on where the bodies came from. What the square has never had is a memorial to the people whose bodies built the medical knowledge the buildings around it represent. They were people. Fully, completely, recognizably people. People who lived in this city, in these streets, in the closes and wynds that are still there. Walk it knowing what you're walking through. This episode pairs directly with Episode 2A (The Body Market) and Episode 2B (Henrietta Lacks and the Century That Followed) — Dastardly Places provides the physical geography; those episodes provide the historical and contemporary depth. Listen as a trilogy for the full picture. Dastardly Places drops weekly alongside the main episode and postscript. New episodes every Friday. Part of The Downpour podcast network. Hosted by April Rain.

Velvet Guillotine | Dastardly Figures, Ep. 2C | "The Knight of Christ Who Murdered Children — Gilles de Rais"

Content note: This episode contains discussion of the murder of children, torture, and the abuse of power. Listener discretion is strongly advised. Joan of Arc had a companion. You know Joan. Everyone knows Joan. The man who rode beside her at Orléans, who fought alongside her at Patay, who held the title of Marshal of France at twenty-six years old — he is considerably less well known. His name was Gilles de Rais. And in the decade following Joan's death, he was responsible for the abduction, torture, and murder of somewhere between eighty and two hundred children taken from the villages around his estates. He confessed to this. In detail. The question that has occupied historians for nearly six hundred years is whether that confession was true. And if it was: what made this man? And if it wasn't: what made the trial? In this episode of Dastardly Figures, April Rain sits with one of history's most genuinely complicated figures and refuses to take the easy exit. She covers the making of Gilles de Rais — the boy abandoned by his mother at eleven, raised by a grandfather the historical record describes as utterly amoral, plunged into medieval warfare as a teenager and rewarded with one of the greatest military honors in France before he was thirty. The spending that followed Joan's death: not on power or influence but on beauty, on theatrical productions, on a private chapel with twenty-five voices, on illuminated manuscripts and feasts and sacred excess, on a fortune spent so spectacularly fast that the king had to issue an edict to stop him from destabilizing regional military defenses. Then the children began to disappear. April traces the years of disappearances that the families of peasants reported and the authorities ignored — because what did a village family do when they believed their child had been taken by the man who owned their land? She covers the specific trigger that finally moved the institutional machinery: not the missing children, but the seizure of a priest from a church. The ecclesiastical sanctuary violation that accomplished in days what years of peasant grief could not. Then the trial. The confession obtained under explicit threat of torture and excommunication. The financial and political incentives of every institution overseeing the proceedings — the Duke of Brittany who stood to inherit the estates, the Church recovering alienated properties. The shifting victim counts. The absence of physical evidence. The question that Dastardly Figures always asks and here asks at its hardest: what does a confession prove when the alternative to confessing is damnation? Most serious historians believe Gilles de Rais murdered children. The debate is not primarily about guilt but about scale, about the specific details, and about the degree to which the trial accurately captured what occurred versus performed the amplification that served institutional interests. April holds both truths simultaneously and does not let either one cancel the other. And then the thing the episode keeps coming back to: the children were dying for years. The families knew. They warned each other. They tried to tell the authorities. The machine of justice did not move until the machine of justice had something to gain from moving. The children didn't move it. Their absence wasn't enough. Power protects itself. And then, when it cannot protect itself anymore, it performs its own prosecution with great theatrical flair. And calls it justice. Velvet Guillotine is a podcast about dark history and institutional cover-ups — the events buried, misread, or reduced to fairy tales so the system underneath them never has to answer. Dastardly Figures drops weekly alongside the main episode and postscript. New episodes every Friday. Part of The Downpour podcast network. Hosted by April Rain.

Velvet Guillotine | Ep. 2B | "Henrietta Lacks and the Century That Followed"

Content note: This episode contains discussion of racial medical exploitation and systemic injustice. Listen to Episode 2A first — these two episodes are designed as a diptych. The body trade ended. The logic didn't. In Episode 2A, April Rain followed the black market for human corpses from the resurrection men of Edinburgh to the Anatomy Act of 1832 — a century and a half of medicine consuming the bodies of the poor, the imprisoned, and the enslaved because those were the bodies that were available. She ended with a warning: the pattern didn't stop. It changed its lab coat. This is the episode where the thread gets followed. In January of 1951, a thirty-year-old Black woman named Henrietta Lacks went to Johns Hopkins Hospital complaining of vaginal bleeding. She was diagnosed with cervical cancer. During a biopsy procedure, without her knowledge and without her consent, a sample of her tumor cells was taken and sent to a laboratory that had been trying for years to keep human cells alive outside the body long enough to be scientifically useful. Henrietta Lacks's cells didn't die. They doubled every twenty to twenty-four hours. They were, in the language of cell biology, immortal. The physician who took them named the cell line HeLa — and told the world the cells came from a woman named Helen Lane. A white-sounding name for a discovery made from the body of a Black woman who grew up in a former slave cabin in Jim Crow Virginia. The privacy argument used to justify the fictional name could not simultaneously justify the unconsented taking. She was taken twice. Once when the tissue was removed. Once when the name was changed. Henrietta Lacks died on October 4, 1951. She was thirty-one years old. She is buried in an unmarked grave in Clover, Virginia. Her cells were already in laboratories across the country. In this postscript, April Rain covers what HeLa built — the polio vaccine, chemotherapy agents, HIV research, the HPV vaccine, in vitro fertilization, somewhere between 11,000 and 17,000 patents, billions of dollars in annual pharmaceutical revenue — and what the Lacks family received in exchange, which for the first twenty-plus years was nothing, including the basic information that their mother's cells existed. The consent framework that now governs American medical research was built largely in response to the documented history of exactly this. The protection came after the harm. As it usually does. And then what the reckoning has actually looked like: the 2013 NIH agreement that gave the family committee seats but not compensation. The 2021 lawsuit against Thermo Fisher Scientific. The 2023 confidential settlement. The Johns Hopkins statement acknowledging harm, unaccompanied by financial remedy. The partial acknowledgment that functions as an inoculation against the full one. Whose body is it? It was hers. It has always been hers. Further reading: Rebecca Skloot, The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks — Harriet Washington, Medical Apartheid Velvet Guillotine is a podcast about dark history and institutional cover-ups — the events buried, misread, or sanitized into something easier to swallow. New episodes drop Fridays. Part of The Downpour podcast network. Hosted by April Rain.

Velvet Guillotine | Ep. 2A | "The Body Market: Grave Robbers, Murder, and the Corpses That Built Modern Medicine"

Content note: This episode contains discussion of death, bodily violation, racial exploitation, and systemic violence. The knowledge that makes modern surgery possible — that sits at the foundation of every medical school on earth, that has saved hundreds of millions of lives — did not come from nowhere. It came from bodies. Specifically, it came from roughly a hundred and fifty years during which the demand for human cadavers vastly outstripped the legal supply, and the gap was filled by one of the most morally complicated, legally ambiguous, and occasionally murderous black markets in history. It came from men with shovels and lanterns working in the dark. It came from the bodies of the poor, the imprisoned, the enslaved, the executed — the people whose bodies, in life, had been considered expendable, and who found that the expendability followed them into the grave. It came, in at least sixteen documented cases in Edinburgh in the late 1820s, from murder. In this episode, April Rain traces the full architecture of the body trade — from Andreas Vesalius stealing corpses from gibbets in the sixteenth century to establish the foundations of modern anatomy, to the legal framework that made grave robbing a misdemeanor while making dissection a punishment for murder, to the professional class of resurrection men who worked the gap with pricing structures, shipping networks, and a market rate for children priced by the inch. She covers the New York Doctors' Riot of 1788, when a mob of thousands destroyed a hospital after discovering dissected bodies inside. The anatomy riots across Britain and America, and the working-class communities who organized watch committees and pooled money for mort-stones because they understood, with total clarity, what was happening to their dead. Then Burke and Hare. Edinburgh, 1827. The most prestigious anatomy school in the world, a lecturer who asked no questions, and two men who worked out that the gap between supply and demand could be filled without waiting for anyone to die naturally. April reads the names of all sixteen victims — including Mary Paterson, nineteen years old, whose face Robert Knox dissected first so his students wouldn't recognize her — and sits with what it means that Knox was never charged with anything. And then the Anatomy Act of 1832 — the reform that didn't reform anything, that simply legislated the existing practice of routing the poor into the dissecting room and called it a solution. In America, the equivalent acts followed the same logic with an additional layer: "unclaimed" bodies meant, in practice, Black bodies, formalizing what the resurrection men had been doing informally for decades. The episode closes where it has to close: not in the past. The logic that made certain bodies available for medicine while protecting others did not end with the body trade. It changed its lab coat. The Tuskegee study. J. Marion Sims operating on Anarcha thirty times without anesthesia. The false belief about racial differences in pain tolerance that research published in 2016 found still present in a significant percentage of medical students and residents. Whose bodies have historically been considered available? The monster, as always, was the system. And the system, as always, took very good care of itself. Further reading: Harriet Washington, Medical Apartheid — Ruth Richardson, Death, Dissection and the Destitute Velvet Guillotine is a podcast about dark history and institutional cover-ups — the events buried, misread, or sanitized into something easier to swallow. New episodes drop Fridays. Part of The Downpour podcast network. Hosted by April Rain. This episode is designed as a diptych with Episode 2B on Henrietta Lacks — listen in order.

Velvet Guillotine | Dastardly Objects, Ep. 1 | "The Book Nobody Can Read — The Voynich Manuscript"

It is nine inches tall. The vellum is the color of old butter. You are wearing nitrile gloves. You are not allowed to bring in a pen. You turn the first page. There is a plant — or something plant-shaped, with leaves doing things leaves do not do. Underneath it is a block of writing. You can read English. You can sound your way through Latin, French, Italian on a menu. You have looked at Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Devanagari. If you didn't understand them, you could at least tell what kind of writing they were. This writing is not any of those things. There are 240 pages like this. They have been sitting in front of researchers for somewhere between four and six centuries. Nobody has ever been able to tell you what any of it says. Welcome to Dastardly Objects — the series that asks the same questions Dastardly Figures asks about people, but about the objects that have outlived everyone who ever made, owned, or studied them. Objects with biographies. Objects with dark gravity. Objects that have killed people, refused to be decoded, or been very deliberately mythologized by someone who understood exactly what a strange book is worth. In this series opener, April Rain takes on the most famous undeciphered manuscript in human history: Beinecke MS 408. The Voynich Manuscript. She covers all of it — the carbon dating that eliminated half the existing theories in one result, the six-hundred-year chain of custody that runs from a Bohemian alchemist to the imperial court at Prague to two and a half centuries of Jesuit library silence to a Polish revolutionary turned rare book dealer who understood, immediately, that mystery was the asset. The script that follows Zipf's law and linguistic entropy like a real language, and then does things no real language does. The century of failed decipherments — the respected University of Pennsylvania professor whose breakthrough unraveled within years, the man who broke the Japanese PURPLE cipher during World War II and still got nowhere, the 2019 announcement that made international headlines and collapsed within days. The hoax question, taken seriously, with the statistical evidence laid out on both sides. And then what the manuscript actually is, after you've stripped every theory away: an object that has been waiting, since roughly the lifetime of Joan of Arc, for someone to read it. An object that has outwaited cryptographers, linguists, the entire arc of modern computing, and every AI model thrown at it in the last decade. It is the people looking at it who need it to mean something. The book itself has no opinion. Velvet Guillotine is a podcast about dark history and institutional cover-ups — the events buried, misread, or filed under "weird old stuff" and left there. Dastardly Objects is a companion series exploring the objects that carry their own dark gravity. New episodes drop Fridays. Part of The Downpour podcast network. Hosted by April Rain.