The Great Train Robbery: Britain's Most Infamous Heist

The Enlightenment: Stumbling in the Gloom

The Enlightenment: Stumbling in the Darkness 20 Feb 2024 --- → Subscribe for new videos at least twice a week! https://www.youtube.com/c/biographics?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Geographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/ @FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/ @wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/ @untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1000297.pdf https://www.foodreference.com/html/html/coffee-suppression-dec23.htmlhttps://plato.stanford.edu/entries/montesquieu/ https://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/English-Coffeehouses-Penny-Universities/ https://www.britannica.com/summary/Spanish-Inquisition-Key-Facts#:~:text=The%20Spanish%20Inquisition%20was%20a,to%20widespread%20death%20and%20suffering. https://thepenngazette.com/the-secrecy-and-enlightenment-of-freemasons/ https://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/rousseau1762.pdf https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/08/31/voltaire-spread-darkness-not-enlightenment-france-should-stop-worship-paris-statue-racism-black-lives-matter/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices [https://megaphone.fm/adchoices]

Francis Galton: The Man Who Invented Eugenics

Francis Galton: The Man Who Invented Eugenics 14 Sep 2023 --- Great Britain in the 19th Century was a hotbed for scientific and technological innovation. Scholars, scientists, inventors, and theorists of the age laid the foundations for many of the wonders of the 20th Century and the contemporary era. Not all of these inventions and ideas were for the better, however. Even if conceived with the best intentions in mind, they would pave the way for some of the worst horrors that would darken the skies of Europe and beyond. Today's biography concerns one of the most damaging "scientific" theories ever to be considered by human minds. → Subscribe for new videos at least twice a week! https://www.youtube.com/c/biographics?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Geographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet For more, check out https://www.Biographics.org Check out Karl's channels: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/@UCaR-e8ComPih10DqPi3sdWg Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/@wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@UCLJvIXTMM7bjZ5-ju8xckJg Sources: ‘A Life of Sir Francis Galton’ by Nicholas Wright Gillham https://www.scribd.com/doc/93232110/A-Life-of-Francis-Galton Aubert-Marson, Dominique. “Sir Francis Galton: the father of eugenics”. Med Sci (Paris) Volume 25, Number 6-7, June-July 2009 https://www.medecinesciences.org/en/articles/medsci/full_html/2009/08/medsci2009256-7p641/medsci2009256-7p641.html Newman, James R. “Francis Galton.” Scientific American 190, no. 1 (1954): 72–77. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24944446 Clauser, Brian E. Review of The Life and Labors of Francis Galton: A Review of Four Recent Books about the Father of Behavioral Statistics, by M. Bulmer, M. Brookes, A. S. Byatt, and N. W. Gillham. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics 32, no. 4 (2007): 440–44. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20172097 Berezowsky, S. (2015). STATISTICAL CRITICISM AND THE EMINENT MAN IN FRANCIS GALTON'S HEREDITARY GENIUS. Victorian Literature and Culture, 43(4), 821-839. doi:10.1017/S1060150315000273 Waller, John C.. “Commentary: The birth of the twin study--a commentary on Francis Galton's 'The history of twins'.” International journal of epidemiology 41 4 (2012): 913-7 . https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/33315 https://galton.org/biography/biography.html https://www.facinghistory.org/resource-library/origins-eugenics http://www.buttelake.com/corr.htm#:~:text=Galton%27s%20definition%20reveals%20the%20properties%20of%20the%20correlation,increase%20together%3B%20a%20negative%20correlation%20indicates%20one%20decreases Eugenics in the UK: https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/blue-plaque-stories/eugenics/ https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20speople-improving-the-nations-stock-for-great-and-greater-britain-eugenics-in-the-1920s/ Eugenics in the US: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2757926/ Eugenics in the III Reich: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10681287/ Eugenics in Sweden: https://www.nature.com/articles/37848 Eugenics in the Soviet Union: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21466003/ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337291231_The_Concept_of_the_%27New_Soviet_Man%27_As_a_Eugenic_Project_Eugenics_in_Soviet_Russia_after_World_War_II https://www.scribd.com/article/428549737/In-The-Twisted-Story-Of-Eugenics-The-Bad-Guy-Is-All-Of-Us-Angela-Saini Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices [https://megaphone.fm/adchoices]

The Great Train Robbery: Britain's Most Infamous Heist

“You won’t believe this, but they’ve stolen a train.” That was the special announcement heard on police radios in the early hours of August 8, 1963, after a gang of criminals pulled off one of, if not the most infamous heist in British history. They robbed a Royal Mail train heading from Glasgow to London and made off with 120 mailbags containing £2.6 million (which is around £60 million in today’s money). Nobody was killed, although the train driver received a serious cosh on the noggin. → Subscribe for new videos at least twice a week! https://www.youtube.com/c/biographics?sub_confirmation=1 [https://www.youtube.com/c/biographics?sub_confirmation=1] Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Geographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw] TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet [https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet] Check out Karl's YouTube Channels: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/@UCaR-e8ComPih10DqPi3sdWg [https://www.youtube.com/@UCaR-e8ComPih10DqPi3sdWg] Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/@UCtrzkwlnKfS9knQ-zuwYBLQ [https://www.youtube.com/@UCtrzkwlnKfS9knQ-zuwYBLQ] Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@UCLJvIXTMM7bjZ5-ju8xckJg [https://www.youtube.com/@UCLJvIXTMM7bjZ5-ju8xckJg] Further Reading: https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000haug/page/40/mode/2up?view=theater [https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000haug/page/40/mode/2up?view=theater] https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/sunday-life/news/great-train-robbery-identity-of-the-ulsterman-who-gave-key-info-to-robbers/a1256736643.html [https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/sunday-life/news/great-train-robbery-identity-of-the-ulsterman-who-gave-key-info-to-robbers/a1256736643.html] https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/aug/04/great-train-robbery-mystery-fixer [https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/aug/04/great-train-robbery-mystery-fixer] https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/jan/29/great-train-robbery-gordon-goody-dies-aged-86 [https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/jan/29/great-train-robbery-gordon-goody-dies-aged-86] https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/bruce-reynolds-criminal-known-as-napoleon-who-led-the-great-train-robbers-8515682.html [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/bruce-reynolds-criminal-known-as-napoleon-who-led-the-great-train-robbers-8515682.html] https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-10209584 [https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-10209584] https://web.archive.org/web/20141230132136/http:/www.nottinghampost.com/day-crime-gang-stopped-train-shocked-world/story-19620002-detail/story.html [https://web.archive.org/web/20141230132136/http:/www.nottinghampost.com/day-crime-gang-stopped-train-shocked-world/story-19620002-detail/story.html] https://archive.org/details/greatbritishtrai0000unse/page/14/mode/2up?view=theater [https://archive.org/details/greatbritishtrai0000unse/page/14/mode/2up?view=theater] https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000hill/page/6/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater [https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000hill/page/6/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater] https://web.archive.org/web/20141230132136/http:/www.nottinghampost.com/day-crime-gang-stopped-train-shocked-world/story-19620002-detail/story.html [https://web.archive.org/web/20141230132136/http:/www.nottinghampost.com/day-crime-gang-stopped-train-shocked-world/story-19620002-detail/story.html] https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000hill/page/6/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater [https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000hill/page/6/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater] https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000haug/page/10/mode/2up?view=theater [https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000haug/page/10/mode/2up?view=theater] https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000hill/page/8/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater [https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000hill/page/8/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater] https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000haug/page/26/mode/2up?view=theater [https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000haug/page/26/mode/2up?view=theater] https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000haug/page/44/mode/2up?view=theater [https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000haug/page/44/mode/2up?view=theater] https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000holg/page/42/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater [https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000holg/page/42/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater] https://www.btp.police.uk/police-forces/british-transport-police/areas/about-us/about-us/our-history/crime-history/great-train-robbery/ [https://www.btp.police.uk/police-forces/british-transport-police/areas/about-us/about-us/our-history/crime-history/great-train-robbery/] https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000haug/page/46/mode/2up?view=theater [https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000haug/page/46/mode/2up?view=theater] https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000haug/page/46/mode/2up?view=theater [https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000haug/page/46/mode/2up?view=theater] https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000haug/page/48/mode/2up?view=theater [https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000haug/page/48/mode/2up?view=theater] https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000haug/page/48/mode/2up?view=theater [https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000haug/page/48/mode/2up?view=theater] https://www.btp.police.uk/police-forces/british-transport-police/areas/about-us/about-us/our-history/crime-history/great-train-robbery/ [https://www.btp.police.uk/police-forces/british-transport-police/areas/about-us/about-us/our-history/crime-history/great-train-robbery/] https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000hill/page/10/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater [https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000hill/page/10/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater] https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000hill/page/12/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater [https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000hill/page/12/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater] https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000holg/page/42/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater [https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000holg/page/42/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater] https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/aug/08/great-train-robbery-10-things [https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/aug/08/great-train-robbery-10-things] https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000hill/page/14/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater [https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000hill/page/14/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater] https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/aug/08/great-train-robbery-10-things [https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/aug/08/great-train-robbery-10-things] https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000holg/page/44/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater [https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000holg/page/44/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater] https://www.standard.co.uk/hp/front/what-became-of-the-great-train-robbers-7228375.html [https://www.standard.co.uk/hp/front/what-became-of-the-great-train-robbers-7228375.html] https:// Learn more about your ad choices. 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Harold Ramis: From Ghostbusters to Obscurity? #sponsored

Harold Ramis: From Ghostbusters to Obscurity? #sponsored 22 Oct 2025 --- Check out http://squarespace.com/biographics to save 10% off your first purchase of a website or domain using code. BIOGRAPHICS. Thanks to Squarespace for the sponsorship #haroldramis #ghostbusters #sctv → Subscribe for new videos at least twice a week! https://www.youtube.com/c/biographics?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Geographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Eric's Links: Cosmic Horror Ebook: https://dl.bookfunnel.com/1cw07o2uyb Storyrant: https://www.youtube.com/@storyrant OEI Analog Horror Experiment: https://www.youtube.com/@officeofextradimensionalint Grimdark Magazine #39: GdM's catalogue page for the issue is here: https://www.grimdarkmagazine.com/product/grimdark-magazine-39/ Subscriptions available here: https://www.patreon.com/GrimdarkMagazine Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/ @FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/ @wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/ @untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/25/movies/harold-ramis-who-helped-redefine-what-makes-us-laugh-on-screen-dies-at-69.html https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2004/04/19/comedy-first https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/feb/25/harold-ramis https://www.studlife.com/scene/2024/02/29/remembering-harold-ramis-a-washu-icons-journey-from-campus-to-comedy-stardom https://www.televisionacademy.com/bios/harold-ramis https://variety.com/2014/film/news/harold-ramis-dead-at-69-1201118556/ https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-26335317 https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-harold-ramis-20140225-story.html Sponsor Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices [https://megaphone.fm/adchoices]

EDWARD III: England's Real Life King Arthur

Check out Squarespace: Website Builder — Create a Website in Minutes: https://www.squarespace.com/biographics [https://www.squarespace.com/biographics] -Squarespace for 10% off on your first purchase of a website/domain using the code BIOGRAPHICS. → Subscribe for new videos at least twice a week! https://www.youtube.com/c/biographics?sub_confirmation=1 [https://www.youtube.com/c/biographics?sub_confirmation=1] Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Geographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw] TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet [https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet] Check out Karl's channels: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/@FactFiend [https://www.youtube.com/@FactFiend] Wikiweekends: https://www.youtube.com/@wikiweekends [https://www.youtube.com/@wikiweekends] Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@untitledsidechannel [https://www.youtube.com/@untitledsidechannel] In the Middle Ages, people had developed an idea of what they thought a “good king” should be. While wisdom, good judgment, and honorable conduct were all considered important, what was considered MOST important was a king’s ability to lead his troops on the battlefield, for the honor and glory of his nation. It is no coincidence that most of the era’s greatest kings also rank among the best military commanders of the period. Of all these, there was perhaps none better than England’s King Edward III. Further Reading: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Castle [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Castle] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_II_of_England [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_II_of_England] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Despenser_the_Younger [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Despenser_the_Younger] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_France [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_France] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippa_of_Hainault [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippa_of_Hainault] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_France#/media/File:Retour_d_Isabelle_de_France_en_Angleterre.jpg [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_France#/media/File:Retour_d_Isabelle_de_France_en_Angleterre.jpg] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Despenser_the_Younger#/media/File:BNMsFr2643FroissartFol97vExecHughDespenser.jpg [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Despenser_the_Younger#/media/File:BNMsFr2643FroissartFol97vExecHughDespenser.jpg] https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2z1F0Ei_riU/Uh3Oivu3mqI/AAAAAAAAAIk/GxaeHJJ6Xuw/s1600/Edward4.jpg [https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2z1F0Ei_riU/Uh3Oivu3mqI/AAAAAAAAAIk/GxaeHJJ6Xuw/s1600/Edward4.jpg] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Montagu,_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Montagu,_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Berwick_(1333) [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Berwick_(1333)] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Halidon_Hill [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Halidon_Hill] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Flanders [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Flanders] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England#/media/File:Artist,_maker_unknown,_English_-_Heraldic_panel_with_the_Coat_of_Arms_of_Edward_III,_King_of_England_(reigned_1327%E2%80%9377)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England#/media/File:Artist,_maker_unknown,_English_-_Heraldic_panel_with_the_Coat_of_Arms_of_Edward_III,_King_of_England_(reigned_1327%E2%80%9377)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avignon_Papacy [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avignon_Papacy] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cog_(ship)#/media/File:Ubena_von_Bremen_Kiel2007_1_(cropped).jpg [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cog_(ship)#/media/File:Ubena_von_Bremen_Kiel2007_1_(cropped).jpg] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sluys [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sluys] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Caen_(1346) [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Caen_(1346)] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9cy_campaign [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9cy_campaign] https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/11965.jpg?v=1618796702 [https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/11965.jpg?v=1618796702] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9cy_campaign#/media/File:BattleofCr%C3%A9cyVisualisation.svg [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9cy_campaign#/media/File:BattleofCr%C3%A9cyVisualisation.svg] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy#/media/File:Lazzaro_Tavarone-Balestrieri_genovesi.jpg [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy#/media/File:Lazzaro_Tavarone-Balestrieri_genovesi.jpg] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy#/media/File:Ridpath's_history_of_the_world_-_being_an_account_of_the_principal_events_in_the_career_of_the_human_race_from_the_beginnings_of_civilization_to_the_present_time_-_comprising_the_development_of_social_(14780402092).jpg [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy#/media/File:Ridpath's_history_of_the_world_-_being_an_account_of_the_principal_events_in_the_career_of_the_human_race_from_the_beginnings_of_civilization_to_the_present_time_-_comprising_the_development_of_social_(14780402092).jpg] https://th.bing.com/th/id/R.61537869b18ae83a3c808cf27b5a5612?rik=HVuitkct5QFuaw&riu=http%3a%2f%2fwww.britishbattles.com%2fwp-content%2fuploads%2f2016%2f06%2fimg907-web-1.jpg&ehk=G%2bSPdwoVBfM35B1rjjC6T8j7%2bV5xJu7Bw%2f8pDROElIw%3d&risl=&pid=ImgRaw&r=0 [https://th.bing.com/th/id/R.61537869b18ae83a3c808cf27b5a5612?rik=HVuitkct5QFuaw&riu=http%3a%2f%2fwww.britishbattles.com%2fwp-content%2fuploads%2f2016%2f06%2fimg907-web-1.jpg&ehk=G%2bSPdwoVBfM35B1rjjC6T8j7%2bV5xJu7Bw%2f8pDROElIw%3d&risl=&pid=ImgRaw&r=0] https://media.sciencephoto.com/image/c0423907/800wm/C0423907-The_First_Cannon_at_Crecy,_1902.jpg [https://media.sciencephoto.com/image/c0423907/800wm/C0423907-The_First_Cannon_at_Crecy,_1902.jpg] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy#/media/File:Edward_III_counting_the_dead_on_the_battlefield_of_Cr%C3%A9cy.jpg [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy#/media/File:Edward_III_counting_the_dead_on_the_battlefield_of_Cr%C3%A9cy.jpg] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1346%E2%80%931347) [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1346%E2%80%931347)] https://en.wikipedia.org/wi [https://en.wikipedia.org/wi] Learn more about your ad choices. 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