The Ottoman Empire's Last Oil Gambit in Mesopotamia

The Ottoman Empire's Last Spy: Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa in the Great War

In this episode, Lucas and Luna dive into the shadowy world of the Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa, the Ottoman special intelligence and sabotage unit that fought a secret war across the Middle East, Caucasus, and Europe during World War I. From arming Libyan tribes against the British to infiltrating the Arab Revolt and running espionage networks in Persia and Afghanistan, the Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa was the empire's last desperate attempt to outmaneuver its enemies. Lucas unpacks the organization's founding by Enver Pasha, its key figures like Eşref Kuşçubaşı and Süleyman Askerî, and its controversial legacy—including its role in the Armenian Genocide. The episode also explores how the Teşkilat evolved into the post-war National Intelligence Organization (MAH) under Mustafa Kemal. A gripping look at the spies, saboteurs, and secret operations that defined the empire's final years. #Teşkilat-ıMahsusa #OttomanIntelligence #EnverPasha #EşrefKuşçubaşı #SüleymanAskerî #WorldWarI #MiddleEast #Espionage #SecretWar #Libya #ArabRevolt #Persia #Afghanistan #MAH #OttomanEmpire #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

The Ottoman Empire's Last Oil Gambit in Mesopotamia

In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore how oil—specifically the Mesopotamian oilfields around Mosul and Kirkuk—shaped the final years of the Ottoman Empire and the postwar settlement. They trace the German-British rivalry over the Baghdad Railway, the British seizure of Basra and the subsequent drive north, the secret Sykes-Picot Agreement's carve-up of oil-rich lands, and how the Ottoman Sixth Army under Colonel Nurettin fought a rearguard action against the British Indian Army's advance up the Tigris. The conversation examines the 1918 Armistice of Mudros, the occupation of Mosul by British forces after the ceasefire, and the ultimately failed attempt by the Ankara government to reclaim the province through diplomacy at Lausanne. Lucas discusses the role of the Turkish Petroleum Company, the later redrawing of borders under the League of Nations, and how the desperate Ottoman search for domestic oil—sabotaged by war and lack of infrastructure—symbolized the empire's broader inability to modernize in time. Specific figures include Colonel Nurettin, General Marshall, and Faisal I. #OttomanEmpire #WWI #Oil #Mesopotamia #Mosul #Kirkuk #BaghdadRailway #SykesPicot #TurkishPetroleum #BritishEmpire #MudrosArmistice #LausanneTreaty #Nurettin #FaisalI #History #FexingoHistory #MiddleEast #EnergyHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

The Ottoman Empire's Last Epidemic: Typhus, Plague and the Collapse of 1918

In the final year of World War I, the Ottoman Empire faced an invisible enemy deadlier than the Allied armies: typhus, relapsing fever, and a devastating influenza pandemic. This episode follows the desperate struggle of Dr. Tevfik Salim and the Hilal-i Ahmer (Ottoman Red Crescent) as they tried to contain outbreaks among starving soldiers and refugees. We explore how the Berlin-Baghdad Railway became a vector for disease, how quarantine stations at Haydarpaşa and Konya were overwhelmed, and how the epidemics fatally weakened the Ottoman war effort. The conversation also touches on the controversial decision to evacuate wounded soldiers from the Caucasus front straight into Istanbul's crowded hospitals, triggering a city-wide outbreak. Finally, we uncover the story of the last Ottoman chief physician, Süleyman Numan Pasha, whose reports on the scale of the catastrophe were suppressed by the Sublime Porte. A little-known chapter in the empire's final collapse, told through the voices of those who tried to save it. #OttomanEmpire #WorldWarI #Typhus #Hilal-iAhmer #RedCrescent #TevfikSalim #SüleymanNumanPasha #Haydarpaşa #Konya #BerlinBaghdadRailway #Influenza1918 #CaucasusFront #Epidemic #Quarantine #Osmanlı #HistoryOfMedicine #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

How the Ottoman Army Starved: The Great War Food Crisis

By 1916, the Ottoman Empire was losing the war not on the battlefield but in its own fields. The Allied naval blockade cut off the Black Sea grain routes, while the British blockade in the Mediterranean and the diversion of railway capacity to the military created a perfect storm. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore how chronic food shortages, hoarding by merchants, and a collapsing supply chain led to famine in Greater Syria and Lebanon, where an estimated 200,000 civilians died. They discuss the role of Djemal Pasha's harsh requisitioning policies, the impact of the locust plague in 1915, and how the empire's reliance on a single railroad—the Berlin-Baghdad line—became a fatal bottleneck. The conversation also touches on the little-known story of the Hilal-i Ahmer's soup kitchens and the failed effort to import grain from India via Baghdad. This episode ties the home front and the front line together, showing how starvation shattered civilian morale and accelerated the empire's collapse. #OttomanEmpire #WWI #Famine #GreaterSyria #Lebanon #DjemalPasha #Hilal-iAhmer #Blockade #BerlinBaghdadRailway #LocustPlague #FoodCrisis #HomeFront #MiddleEast #1916 #History #FexingoHistory #WarAndSociety #OttomanCollapse Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

The Ottoman Empire's Last Naval Disaster: The Battle of Imbros

In January 1918, the Ottoman Navy made its final desperate gamble to break the Allied blockade. The battlecruiser Yavuz Sultan Selim (formerly SMS Goeben) and the light cruiser Midilli (formerly SMS Breslau) sortied from the Dardanelles into the Aegean, aiming to attack British naval forces off the island of Imbros. What followed was a catastrophic encounter with mines that sank the Midilli and severely damaged the Yavuz, ending Ottoman naval power for good. Lucas and Luna explore the strategic context, the daring plan of German Admiral von Rebeur-Paschwitz, the role of the enigmatic Cevat Paşa, and how this defeat sealed the empire's isolation. They also discuss the long shadow of the Goeben's 1914 escape to Constantinople, the impact on Ottoman morale, and how the naval loss accelerated the empire's collapse. #OttomanEmpire #BattleOfImbros #YavuzSultanSelim #SMSGoeben #Midilli #SMSBreslau #CevatPaşa #vonRebeurPaschwitz #Dardanelles #Aegean #NavalHistory #WorldWarI #MiddleEast #FexingoHistory #History #OttomanNavy #Mines #Blockade Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]