The Studies Show

Whether it’s people giving themselves goat blood transfusions in an effort to maintain their youth, or yet another influencer telling you to buy XYZ miracle supplements, anti-ageing is big business. In the first part of what will surely become a longer Studies Show series, Tom and Stuart look at the evidence for a few supposed “breakthrough” treatments that can slow down ageing: rapamycin, metformin, winding back the epigenetic clock, and calorie restriction. The Studies Show is brought to you by Works in Progress [https://worksinprogress.co/] magazine [https://worksinprogress.co/]. This week we talked about their new article on “through running”—the deceptively simple idea of not having trains stop at the edge of town and instead running them right through the centre. It seems obvious if you live in London, but it wasn’t always this way. Check out the article [https://worksinprogress.co/issue/the-magic-of-through-running/] for a detailed, nerdy discussion about how we can make trains—and therefore citites—better. Show notes * New meta-analysis [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/acel.70131] on rapamycin and ageing * Website for Bryan “n = 1” Johnson [https://protocol.bryanjohnson.com/] and his related health claims * Our World In Data on life expectancy [https://ourworldindata.org/life-expectancy] and about the reasons why it increased [https://ourworldindata.org/its-not-just-about-child-mortality-life-expectancy-improved-at-all-ages] * Meta-analysis [https://www.aging-us.com/article/101020/text] on methylation and the “biological clock” as a predictor of longevity * The STAP stem cell debacle [https://www.nature.com/articles/nature.2015.18412] * 2016 study using Yamanaka factors [https://www.cell.com/fulltext/S0092-8674(16)31664-6] to slow down ageing in mice * 2023 study of the same idea on wild-type mice, showing a 109% increase [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.04.522507v1] in life expectancy * 2014 Scottish study [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25041462/] on diabetes, metformin, and life expectancy * Critical letter [https://pubpeer.com/publications/4E29C6C9E32D2C24662AED78A59AC5] noting the study’s flaws * Failed replication from Denmark in 2022 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36287641/] * The NIH’s Interventions Testing Program [https://www.nia.nih.gov/research/resource/interventions-testing-program-itp] * Older review of calorie restriction and ageing [https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev.biochem.77.061206.171059] Credits We’re grateful to Andrew Steele [https://andrewsteele.co.uk/] for talking to us for this episode. The Studies Show is produced by Julian Mayers at Yada Yada Productions [https://www.yada-yada.net/]. This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit www.thestudiesshowpod.com/subscribe [https://www.thestudiesshowpod.com/subscribe?utm_medium=podcast&utm_campaign=CTA_2]

Would you like to do 80% of your current job but for 100% of the pay? Well, of course you would. But would it be good for the economy? It’s been suggested that companies who move to four-day working weeks have happier, less frazzled employees and no noticeable loss in productivity. Some people even claim their productivity goes up! In this episode of The Studies Show, Tom and Stuart explore the theory and the evidence on the four-day week. There are some ridiculously overblown claims here, but is there any realistic stuff left over? The Studies Show is brought to you by Works in Progress [https://worksinprogress.co/] magazine [https://worksinprogress.co/]. As of last week there’s a new issue of the magazine, and it’s full of the usual mix of remarkable historical, technological, and scientific topics (and sometimes all three together). Find it all completely free at worksinprogress.co [https://worksinprogress.co/]. Show notes * Pedro Gomes’ book Friday is the New Saturday [https://www.amazon.co.uk/Friday-New-Saturday-Four-Day-Working-ebook/dp/B097D7CH9R] * The Chinese city considering giving everyone Friday afternoons off [https://www.channelnewsasia.com/east-asia/china-sichuan-four-day-work-week-weekend-5164161] * One of a few pro-4-day-week websites [http://4dayweek.io] * 2019 [https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/nov/04/microsoft-japan-four-day-work-week-productivity]Guardian [https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/nov/04/microsoft-japan-four-day-work-week-productivity] report [https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/nov/04/microsoft-japan-four-day-work-week-productivity] claiming that Microsoft Japan increased productivity by 40% after implementing the 4-day-week… * …and a World Economic Forum report claiming the same thing… * …debunked by Microsoft Japan’s own press release [https://news.microsoft.com/ja-jp/2019/10/31/191031-published-the-results-of-measuring-the-effectiveness-of-our-work-life-choice-challenge-summer-2019/] * Henry Ford [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Henry_Ford:_Why_I_Favor_Five_Days%27_Work_With_Six_Days%27_Pay]: Why I Favor Five Days’ Work With Six Days’ Pay (from 1926) * Evidence [https://docs.iza.org/dp8129.pdf] that after a certain point, extra hours become counterproductive * 2023 UK trial [https://autonomy.work/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/The-results-are-in-The-UKs-four-day-week-pilot.pdf] into the 4-day week * Four-year trial [https://autonomy.work/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/ICELAND_4DW.pdf] of the 4-day week in Iceland * 4-day week trial [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1tWXRhQExQ_eC0zHqwxvzWdY7vdnnXcmd/view] (with control group) in Portugal Credits We’re grateful to Prof. Pedro Gomes for talking to us for this episode. The Studies Show is produced by Julian Mayers at Yada Yada Productions [https://www.yada-yada.net/]. This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit www.thestudiesshowpod.com/subscribe [https://www.thestudiesshowpod.com/subscribe?utm_medium=podcast&utm_campaign=CTA_2]

We all hate “urban decay”—graffiti, litter, boarded-up buildings. But does urban decay cause crime? That’s the premise of the “broken windows” theory: seeing a dilapidated and poorly-maintained physical environment emboldens criminals. In this episode of The Studies Show, Tom and Stuart discuss the history of, and the evidence for, broken windows theory. The theory has inspired social psychologists, criminologists, and others to do an awful lot of studies—and as we’ll discover in this episode, it seems to have inspired scientists to commit a few crimes themselves… The Studies Show is brought to you by Works in Progress [https://worksinprogress.co/] magazine [https://worksinprogress.co/]. In particular, it’s brought to you by this recent article [https://www.worksinprogress.news/p/how-the-worlds-first-electric-grid] on the world’s first electric grid, which is representative of the thoughtful, data-rich, well-written articles on human progress that you’ll find everywhere on the main site [https://worksinprogress.co/] and its associated Substack [https://www.worksinprogress.news/]. Show notes * Robert Jenrick confronts fare-dodgers [https://x.com/RobertJenrick/status/1927993574626406634] on the London Tube… * …and talks about “broken windows [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zZCeW5VL9Js]” in an interview afterwards * The original “broken windows” article [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1982/03/broken-windows/304465/] from The Atlantic in 1982 * Philip Zimbardo’s 1969 article [https://stacks.stanford.edu/file/gk002bt7757/gk002bt7757.pdf], including the “Bronx vs. Palo Alto” study * Diederik Stapel’s 2011 [https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1201068]Science [https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1201068]article [https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1201068] on “coping with chaos” * …and an article about him [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/28/magazine/diederik-stapels-audacious-academic-fraud.html] after his fraud was revealed * The famous Keizer et al [https://pure.rug.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/10429297/KeizerK-Spreading-2008.pdf]. study from 2008 (also in Science) * 2014 article [https://jeltewicherts.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/wicherts_gpir_2014.pdf] that’s highly critical of Keizer’s research * 2017 failed replication [https://sociologicalscience.com/download/vol-4/october/SocSci_v4_528to551.pdf] of Keizer et al. * Useful 2020 review article [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8059646/pdf/nihms-1686796.pdf] on the empirical evidence for broken windows theory * 2018 Australian panel study [https://academic.oup.com/sf/article-abstract/97/1/277/4975753] on informal social control and crime * Article arguing NYC had a major crime decline [https://www.law.nyu.edu/sites/default/files/siwp/WP9Zimring.pdf] in the 1990s, but that it wasn’t through broken-windows policing * Data on homicides in NYC [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_New_York_City#Murders_by_year] by year Credits The Studies Show is produced by Julian Mayers at Yada Yada Productions [https://www.yada-yada.net/]. This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit www.thestudiesshowpod.com/subscribe [https://www.thestudiesshowpod.com/subscribe?utm_medium=podcast&utm_campaign=CTA_2]

Hello everyone! Thanks to Tom’s holiday and Stuart’s job we weren’t able to record this week, so we’ve put out a classic paid episode to tide you over. We hope this goes some way to scratching your Studies Show itch. Most people think it’s obvious that you should wear a helmet when cycling. It might save your life if you fall off and hit your head. Duh. But over the years, many contrarian arguments have pushed back against this seemingly-obvious point. What if people engage in “risk compensation”, where they cycle more dangerously because they know they’re wearing a helmet? What about if encouraging helments puts people off cycling so they miss the health benefits? In this March 2024 episode of The Studies Show, Tom and Stuart try to work out who’s right. Show notes * The original 1975 study on what’s become known as the “Peltzman Effect” [https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/260352]: risk compensation (in this case about car safety) * Potential evidence for risk compensation in AIDS [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5967889/] * Claims of risk compensation relating to mask-wearing [https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/wearing-mask-may-increase-risk-of-infection-jzz6t0m2t] at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic * The eye-tracking study on helmet-wearing [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0956797615620784], which used the Balloon Analogue Risk-Taking lab task * n=27 study [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1369847818301128] on helmets and cycling with one hand on the handlebar * Study on risk compensation [https://www.cycle-helmets.com/risk-compensation-norway.pdf] with the following confusing structural equation model diagram: * Academic cycles around and records thousands of cars passing him while he’s either wearing or not wearing [https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/nxw2k] a helmet * Forbes article about the statistical controversy [https://www.forbes.com/sites/carltonreid/2018/11/14/motorists-punish-helmet-wearing-cyclists-with-close-passes-confirms-data-recrunch/?sh=24e6a9444859] over these data * Bizarre study on how motorists “dehumanize” cyclists [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369847823001018] * Could helmets make “rotational injuries [https://trl.co.uk/uploads/trl/documents/PPR213.pdf]” worse? * Cochrane review [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7025438/] on cycle helmets and injuries from 1999 * Ben Goldacre and David Spiegelhalter [https://www.badscience.net/wp-content/uploads/Screenshot-2013-12-13-17.12.05.png] on cycle helmets - “uncertainty… is unlikely to be substantially reduced by further research” * Systematic review [https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/46/1/278/2617198] on helmet use and injuries from 2016 * Review of meta-analyses [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-35728-x] from 2023 * 2006 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1410838/]BMJ [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1410838/] article [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1410838/] finding “no clear evidence” that mandating cycle helmets reduces injuries * Negative correlation [https://www.sustrans.org.uk/our-blog/policy-positions/all/all/our-position-on-the-use-of-cycle-helmets] between cycle numbers and helmet usage, across different countries Credits The Studies Show is produced by Julian Mayers at Yada Yada Productions [https://www.yada-yada.net/]. This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit www.thestudiesshowpod.com/subscribe [https://www.thestudiesshowpod.com/subscribe?utm_medium=podcast&utm_campaign=CTA_2]

Can adults still grow new neurons in their brains? You’d think we might know the answer to the question of adult “neurogenesis” after more than half a century of neuroscience research. But it turns out we don’t. In this episode of The Studies Show, Tom and Stuart look into the suprisingly controversial question of adult neurogenesis. Are you “stuck with” the number of brain cells you had as a child, or can you add to that number by making the right choices as an adult? And does it even matter? This podcast is brought to you by Works in Progress magazine, which this week has a new article [https://worksinprogress.co/issue/the-bad-science-behind-expensive-nuclear/] explaining why nuclear power is so expensive (spoiler: it relies on an incorrect scientific model that we’ve discussed in previous podcast episodes: the “linear no threshold” model. For a full explanation, along with articles on a dizzying array of other progress-related topics, take a look at www.worksinprogress.co [https://worksinprogress.co/]. Show notes * Summary post [https://slatestarcodex.com/2018/04/04/adult-neurogenesis-a-pointed-review/] on the debate by Scott Alexander from 2018 * 2000 [https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.070039597]PNAS [https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.070039597] study [https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.070039597] on the brains of London taxi drivers * 2021 retrospective review [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hipo.23395] of taxi driver studies * Study comparing passed vs. failed [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3268356/] cabbies on “The Knowledge” * Study putting together [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04554-y] neuroimaging research on when the brain peaks in volume and other measures * 1962 [https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.135.3509.1127]Science [https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.135.3509.1127] study [https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.135.3509.1127] on neurogenesis in rats * 1999 BrdU study [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC21935/] in macaque monkeys * Famous 1998 study [https://www.nature.com/articles/nm1198_1313] on neurogenesis in the human hippocampus * 2006 [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1567918/]PNAS [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1567918/] sudy [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1567918/] on testing neocortical neurogenesis using Carbon-14 dating * 2013 study using similar methods [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867413005333] on the hippocampus * 2018 [https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25975]Nature [https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25975] paper [https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25975] claiming no adult neurogenesis * Associated commentary article [https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-02629-3] * Atlantic article [https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/do-adult-brains-make-new-neurons-a-contentious-new-study-says-no/555026/] describing the controversy by Ed Yong * 2018 paper [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5957089/] finding neurogenesis occuring up to age 79 * 2019 [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-019-0375-9]Nature Medicine [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-019-0375-9] paper [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-019-0375-9] claiming “abundant” adult neurogenesis * Fair-minded 2019 review paper [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00429-019-01917-6] * Somewhat angrier 2021 review paper [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41380-021-01314-8] Credits The Studies Show is produced by Julian Mayers at Yada Yada Productions [https://www.yada-yada.net/]. We’re grateful to Claire Wang for her help with researching this episode. This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit www.thestudiesshowpod.com/subscribe [https://www.thestudiesshowpod.com/subscribe?utm_medium=podcast&utm_campaign=CTA_2]