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John Wayne: America's Preferred Cowboy

26 min · I går
episode John Wayne: America's Preferred Cowboy cover

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John Wayne: America’s Favorite Cowboy 22 Jan 2026 --- The 20th century gave birth to a new kind of celebrity: the movie star. Motion pictures had the portability of books combined with the visual spectacle of artwork and the performance acumen of theatre productions, making the stars of this new medium the first celebrities with a truly global impact. And for a long period of time, no movie star had a bigger impact than John Wayne. For over thirty years, John Wayne was one of Hollywood’s highest grossing actors. He specialized in Westerns: playing a cowboy so well he practically came to define the genre. But his cultural impact went beyond the silver screen: for many people, John Wayne was the physical embodiment of America itself. The traits he portrayed in his films: rugged individualism, self-reliance, toughness, cool thinking under pressure, were all seen as essential to the American spirit, the American character. When Nikita Khrushchev came to visit the United States, he wanted to do two things: visit Disneyland, and meet John Wayne. What many people didn’t know, however, was that many of the things that made John Wayne, well, John Wayne, weren’t natural: they were the result of a carefully orchestrated public relations strategy, initially done by the movie studios he worked for, and then largely propagated by Wayne himself. John Wayne wasn’t a person: he was a persona, invented and shaped by the man who played him. He was exceptionally image conscious: he would only play roles that he felt “John Wayne” would be suited for, and would be very particular about scripts and camera work to make sure he was portrayed in a way that matched his audience’s perception of him. The result was an almost cult-like following among his fans, who even decades after his death continue to make him one of Hollywood’s most popular actors. → Subscribe for new videos at least twice a week! https://www.youtube.com/c/biographics?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Geographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Eric's Links: Cosmic Horror Ebook: https://dl.bookfunnel.com/1cw07o2uyb Storyrant: https://www.youtube.com/@storyrant OEI Analog Horror Experiment: https://www.youtube.com/@officeofextradimensionalint Grimdark Magazine #39: GdM's catalogue page for the issue is here: https://www.grimdarkmagazine.com/product/grimdark-magazine-39/ Subscriptions available here: https://www.patreon.com/GrimdarkMagazine Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/ @FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/ @wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/ @untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Additional Reading: John Wayne: The Life and Legend by Scott Eyman, Simon and Schuster 2014 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices [https://megaphone.fm/adchoices]

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191 episodes

episode The Enlightenment: Stumbling in the Gloom artwork

The Enlightenment: Stumbling in the Gloom

The Enlightenment: Stumbling in the Darkness 20 Feb 2024 --- → Subscribe for new videos at least twice a week! https://www.youtube.com/c/biographics?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Geographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/ @FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/ @wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/ @untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1000297.pdf https://www.foodreference.com/html/html/coffee-suppression-dec23.htmlhttps://plato.stanford.edu/entries/montesquieu/ https://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/English-Coffeehouses-Penny-Universities/ https://www.britannica.com/summary/Spanish-Inquisition-Key-Facts#:~:text=The%20Spanish%20Inquisition%20was%20a,to%20widespread%20death%20and%20suffering. https://thepenngazette.com/the-secrecy-and-enlightenment-of-freemasons/ https://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/rousseau1762.pdf https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/08/31/voltaire-spread-darkness-not-enlightenment-france-should-stop-worship-paris-statue-racism-black-lives-matter/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices [https://megaphone.fm/adchoices]

Yesterday31 min
episode Francis Galton: The Man Who Invented Eugenics artwork

Francis Galton: The Man Who Invented Eugenics

Francis Galton: The Man Who Invented Eugenics 14 Sep 2023 --- Great Britain in the 19th Century was a hotbed for scientific and technological innovation. Scholars, scientists, inventors, and theorists of the age laid the foundations for many of the wonders of the 20th Century and the contemporary era. Not all of these inventions and ideas were for the better, however. Even if conceived with the best intentions in mind, they would pave the way for some of the worst horrors that would darken the skies of Europe and beyond. Today's biography concerns one of the most damaging "scientific" theories ever to be considered by human minds. → Subscribe for new videos at least twice a week! https://www.youtube.com/c/biographics?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Geographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet For more, check out https://www.Biographics.org Check out Karl's channels: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/@UCaR-e8ComPih10DqPi3sdWg Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/@wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@UCLJvIXTMM7bjZ5-ju8xckJg Sources: ‘A Life of Sir Francis Galton’ by Nicholas Wright Gillham https://www.scribd.com/doc/93232110/A-Life-of-Francis-Galton Aubert-Marson, Dominique. “Sir Francis Galton: the father of eugenics”. Med Sci (Paris) Volume 25, Number 6-7, June-July 2009 https://www.medecinesciences.org/en/articles/medsci/full_html/2009/08/medsci2009256-7p641/medsci2009256-7p641.html Newman, James R. “Francis Galton.” Scientific American 190, no. 1 (1954): 72–77. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24944446 Clauser, Brian E. Review of The Life and Labors of Francis Galton: A Review of Four Recent Books about the Father of Behavioral Statistics, by M. Bulmer, M. Brookes, A. S. Byatt, and N. W. Gillham. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics 32, no. 4 (2007): 440–44. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20172097 Berezowsky, S. (2015). STATISTICAL CRITICISM AND THE EMINENT MAN IN FRANCIS GALTON'S HEREDITARY GENIUS. Victorian Literature and Culture, 43(4), 821-839. doi:10.1017/S1060150315000273 Waller, John C.. “Commentary: The birth of the twin study--a commentary on Francis Galton's 'The history of twins'.” International journal of epidemiology 41 4 (2012): 913-7 . https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/33315 https://galton.org/biography/biography.html https://www.facinghistory.org/resource-library/origins-eugenics http://www.buttelake.com/corr.htm#:~:text=Galton%27s%20definition%20reveals%20the%20properties%20of%20the%20correlation,increase%20together%3B%20a%20negative%20correlation%20indicates%20one%20decreases Eugenics in the UK: https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/blue-plaque-stories/eugenics/ https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20speople-improving-the-nations-stock-for-great-and-greater-britain-eugenics-in-the-1920s/ Eugenics in the US: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2757926/ Eugenics in the III Reich: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10681287/ Eugenics in Sweden: https://www.nature.com/articles/37848 Eugenics in the Soviet Union: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21466003/ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337291231_The_Concept_of_the_%27New_Soviet_Man%27_As_a_Eugenic_Project_Eugenics_in_Soviet_Russia_after_World_War_II https://www.scribd.com/article/428549737/In-The-Twisted-Story-Of-Eugenics-The-Bad-Guy-Is-All-Of-Us-Angela-Saini Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices [https://megaphone.fm/adchoices]

Yesterday27 min
episode The Great Train Robbery: Britain's Most Infamous Heist artwork

The Great Train Robbery: Britain's Most Infamous Heist

“You won’t believe this, but they’ve stolen a train.” That was the special announcement heard on police radios in the early hours of August 8, 1963, after a gang of criminals pulled off one of, if not the most infamous heist in British history. They robbed a Royal Mail train heading from Glasgow to London and made off with 120 mailbags containing £2.6 million (which is around £60 million in today’s money). Nobody was killed, although the train driver received a serious cosh on the noggin. → Subscribe for new videos at least twice a week! https://www.youtube.com/c/biographics?sub_confirmation=1 [https://www.youtube.com/c/biographics?sub_confirmation=1] Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Geographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw] TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet [https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet] Check out Karl's YouTube Channels: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/@UCaR-e8ComPih10DqPi3sdWg [https://www.youtube.com/@UCaR-e8ComPih10DqPi3sdWg] Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/@UCtrzkwlnKfS9knQ-zuwYBLQ [https://www.youtube.com/@UCtrzkwlnKfS9knQ-zuwYBLQ] Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@UCLJvIXTMM7bjZ5-ju8xckJg [https://www.youtube.com/@UCLJvIXTMM7bjZ5-ju8xckJg] Further Reading: https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000haug/page/40/mode/2up?view=theater [https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000haug/page/40/mode/2up?view=theater] https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/sunday-life/news/great-train-robbery-identity-of-the-ulsterman-who-gave-key-info-to-robbers/a1256736643.html [https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/sunday-life/news/great-train-robbery-identity-of-the-ulsterman-who-gave-key-info-to-robbers/a1256736643.html] https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/aug/04/great-train-robbery-mystery-fixer [https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/aug/04/great-train-robbery-mystery-fixer] https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/jan/29/great-train-robbery-gordon-goody-dies-aged-86 [https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/jan/29/great-train-robbery-gordon-goody-dies-aged-86] https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/bruce-reynolds-criminal-known-as-napoleon-who-led-the-great-train-robbers-8515682.html [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/bruce-reynolds-criminal-known-as-napoleon-who-led-the-great-train-robbers-8515682.html] https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-10209584 [https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-10209584] https://web.archive.org/web/20141230132136/http:/www.nottinghampost.com/day-crime-gang-stopped-train-shocked-world/story-19620002-detail/story.html [https://web.archive.org/web/20141230132136/http:/www.nottinghampost.com/day-crime-gang-stopped-train-shocked-world/story-19620002-detail/story.html] https://archive.org/details/greatbritishtrai0000unse/page/14/mode/2up?view=theater [https://archive.org/details/greatbritishtrai0000unse/page/14/mode/2up?view=theater] https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000hill/page/6/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater [https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000hill/page/6/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater] https://web.archive.org/web/20141230132136/http:/www.nottinghampost.com/day-crime-gang-stopped-train-shocked-world/story-19620002-detail/story.html [https://web.archive.org/web/20141230132136/http:/www.nottinghampost.com/day-crime-gang-stopped-train-shocked-world/story-19620002-detail/story.html] https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000hill/page/6/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater [https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000hill/page/6/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater] https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000haug/page/10/mode/2up?view=theater [https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000haug/page/10/mode/2up?view=theater] https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000hill/page/8/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater [https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000hill/page/8/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater] https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000haug/page/26/mode/2up?view=theater [https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000haug/page/26/mode/2up?view=theater] https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000haug/page/44/mode/2up?view=theater [https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000haug/page/44/mode/2up?view=theater] https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000holg/page/42/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater [https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000holg/page/42/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater] https://www.btp.police.uk/police-forces/british-transport-police/areas/about-us/about-us/our-history/crime-history/great-train-robbery/ [https://www.btp.police.uk/police-forces/british-transport-police/areas/about-us/about-us/our-history/crime-history/great-train-robbery/] https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000haug/page/46/mode/2up?view=theater [https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000haug/page/46/mode/2up?view=theater] https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000haug/page/46/mode/2up?view=theater [https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000haug/page/46/mode/2up?view=theater] https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000haug/page/48/mode/2up?view=theater [https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000haug/page/48/mode/2up?view=theater] https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000haug/page/48/mode/2up?view=theater [https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000haug/page/48/mode/2up?view=theater] https://www.btp.police.uk/police-forces/british-transport-police/areas/about-us/about-us/our-history/crime-history/great-train-robbery/ [https://www.btp.police.uk/police-forces/british-transport-police/areas/about-us/about-us/our-history/crime-history/great-train-robbery/] https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000hill/page/10/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater [https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000hill/page/10/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater] https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000hill/page/12/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater [https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000hill/page/12/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater] https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000holg/page/42/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater [https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000holg/page/42/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater] https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/aug/08/great-train-robbery-10-things [https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/aug/08/great-train-robbery-10-things] https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000hill/page/14/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater [https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000hill/page/14/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater] https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/aug/08/great-train-robbery-10-things [https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/aug/08/great-train-robbery-10-things] https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000holg/page/44/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater [https://archive.org/details/greattrainrobber0000holg/page/44/mode/2up?ref=ol&view=theater] https://www.standard.co.uk/hp/front/what-became-of-the-great-train-robbers-7228375.html [https://www.standard.co.uk/hp/front/what-became-of-the-great-train-robbers-7228375.html] https:// Learn more about your ad choices. 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Yesterday22 min
episode Harold Ramis: From Ghostbusters to Obscurity? #sponsored artwork

Harold Ramis: From Ghostbusters to Obscurity? #sponsored

Harold Ramis: From Ghostbusters to Obscurity? #sponsored 22 Oct 2025 --- Check out http://squarespace.com/biographics to save 10% off your first purchase of a website or domain using code. BIOGRAPHICS. Thanks to Squarespace for the sponsorship #haroldramis #ghostbusters #sctv → Subscribe for new videos at least twice a week! https://www.youtube.com/c/biographics?sub_confirmation=1 Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Geographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet Eric's Links: Cosmic Horror Ebook: https://dl.bookfunnel.com/1cw07o2uyb Storyrant: https://www.youtube.com/@storyrant OEI Analog Horror Experiment: https://www.youtube.com/@officeofextradimensionalint Grimdark Magazine #39: GdM's catalogue page for the issue is here: https://www.grimdarkmagazine.com/product/grimdark-magazine-39/ Subscriptions available here: https://www.patreon.com/GrimdarkMagazine Karl's Socials: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/ @FactFiend Wiki Weekends: https://www.youtube.com/ @wikiweekends Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/ @untitledsidechannel Twitter: https://twitter.com/KarlSmallwood Further Reading: https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/25/movies/harold-ramis-who-helped-redefine-what-makes-us-laugh-on-screen-dies-at-69.html https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2004/04/19/comedy-first https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/feb/25/harold-ramis https://www.studlife.com/scene/2024/02/29/remembering-harold-ramis-a-washu-icons-journey-from-campus-to-comedy-stardom https://www.televisionacademy.com/bios/harold-ramis https://variety.com/2014/film/news/harold-ramis-dead-at-69-1201118556/ https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-26335317 https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-harold-ramis-20140225-story.html Sponsor Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices [https://megaphone.fm/adchoices]

Yesterday30 min
episode EDWARD III: England's Real Life King Arthur artwork

EDWARD III: England's Real Life King Arthur

Check out Squarespace: Website Builder — Create a Website in Minutes: https://www.squarespace.com/biographics [https://www.squarespace.com/biographics] -Squarespace for 10% off on your first purchase of a website/domain using the code BIOGRAPHICS. → Subscribe for new videos at least twice a week! https://www.youtube.com/c/biographics?sub_confirmation=1 [https://www.youtube.com/c/biographics?sub_confirmation=1] Love content? Check out our other YouTube Channels: Geographics: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHKRfxkMTqiiv4pF99qGKIw] TopTenz: https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet [https://www.youtube.com/user/toptenznet] Check out Karl's channels: Fact Fiend: https://www.youtube.com/@FactFiend [https://www.youtube.com/@FactFiend] Wikiweekends: https://www.youtube.com/@wikiweekends [https://www.youtube.com/@wikiweekends] Untitled Side Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@untitledsidechannel [https://www.youtube.com/@untitledsidechannel] In the Middle Ages, people had developed an idea of what they thought a “good king” should be. While wisdom, good judgment, and honorable conduct were all considered important, what was considered MOST important was a king’s ability to lead his troops on the battlefield, for the honor and glory of his nation. It is no coincidence that most of the era’s greatest kings also rank among the best military commanders of the period. Of all these, there was perhaps none better than England’s King Edward III. Further Reading: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Castle [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Castle] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_II_of_England [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_II_of_England] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Despenser_the_Younger [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Despenser_the_Younger] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_France [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_France] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippa_of_Hainault [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippa_of_Hainault] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_France#/media/File:Retour_d_Isabelle_de_France_en_Angleterre.jpg [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_France#/media/File:Retour_d_Isabelle_de_France_en_Angleterre.jpg] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Despenser_the_Younger#/media/File:BNMsFr2643FroissartFol97vExecHughDespenser.jpg [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Despenser_the_Younger#/media/File:BNMsFr2643FroissartFol97vExecHughDespenser.jpg] https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2z1F0Ei_riU/Uh3Oivu3mqI/AAAAAAAAAIk/GxaeHJJ6Xuw/s1600/Edward4.jpg [https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2z1F0Ei_riU/Uh3Oivu3mqI/AAAAAAAAAIk/GxaeHJJ6Xuw/s1600/Edward4.jpg] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Montagu,_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Montagu,_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Berwick_(1333) [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Berwick_(1333)] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Halidon_Hill [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Halidon_Hill] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Flanders [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Flanders] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England#/media/File:Artist,_maker_unknown,_English_-_Heraldic_panel_with_the_Coat_of_Arms_of_Edward_III,_King_of_England_(reigned_1327%E2%80%9377)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England#/media/File:Artist,_maker_unknown,_English_-_Heraldic_panel_with_the_Coat_of_Arms_of_Edward_III,_King_of_England_(reigned_1327%E2%80%9377)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avignon_Papacy [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avignon_Papacy] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cog_(ship)#/media/File:Ubena_von_Bremen_Kiel2007_1_(cropped).jpg [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cog_(ship)#/media/File:Ubena_von_Bremen_Kiel2007_1_(cropped).jpg] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sluys [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sluys] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Caen_(1346) [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Caen_(1346)] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9cy_campaign [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9cy_campaign] https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/11965.jpg?v=1618796702 [https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/11965.jpg?v=1618796702] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9cy_campaign#/media/File:BattleofCr%C3%A9cyVisualisation.svg [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9cy_campaign#/media/File:BattleofCr%C3%A9cyVisualisation.svg] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy#/media/File:Lazzaro_Tavarone-Balestrieri_genovesi.jpg [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy#/media/File:Lazzaro_Tavarone-Balestrieri_genovesi.jpg] 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