C5E6: Protists and Helminths

C10E9: Fermentation

Chapter 10, Episode 9 In this episode, fermentation is introduced as a pathway that allows glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen by regenerating NAD⁺. Major fermentation types and their end products are discussed, along with their roles in food production, human physiology, and bacterial identification through lab tests.

C10E8: Oxidative Phosphorylation

Chapter 10, Episode 8 In this episode, the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation are explained, including how electron carriers create a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis. The role of oxygen as the final electron acceptor and the reason ATP yield is an estimate are discussed, along with anaerobic respiration and nitrate reduction.

C10E7: Glycolysis & The Krebs Cycle

Chapter 10, Episode 7 In this episode, glycolysis is introduced as the first step in glucose breakdown, producing pyruvate, ATP, and NADH. The possible fates of pyruvate are discussed, followed by an overview of the Krebs cycle and its role in generating electron carriers and small amounts of ATP.

C10E6: Energy, Redox & ATP

Chapter 10, Episode 6 In this episode, energy flow in the cell is explored through exergonic and endergonic reactions and how they are coupled. Redox reactions are introduced as the movement of electrons, with NAD⁺ and FAD acting as electron carriers. The three methods of ATP production, substrate-level, oxidative, and photophosphorylation, are also introduced.

C10E5: Metabolism & Enzymes

Chapter 10, Episode 5 In this episode, metabolism is introduced as the sum of all chemical reactions in the cell, including catabolism and anabolism. The role of ATP as the cell’s energy currency is explained, along with how enzymes function as catalysts and how they are regulated through gene control, feedback inhibition, and competitive and noncompetitive inhibition.