The Roman Glassmakers

The Roman Glassmakers

In this episode of Build Like a Roman, we look at the Roman glassmaker, not of fancy vases and goblets, but down to earth windows glass. Many people aren't aware that the Romans even had glass in their windows. Not only did they have glass, it was more common than it was centuries later, in medieval times. Support the podcast: ☕ Buy Me a Coffee - https://ko-fi.com/buildlikearoman [https://ko-fi.com/buildlikearoman] Patreon https://www.patreon.com/c/BuildLikeARoman [https://www.patreon.com/c/BuildLikeARoman] GLOSSARY - EPISODE 19: VITRIARIUS, THE ROMAN GLASS MAKER Vitriarius A Roman glass worker or glass maker. From vitrum, meaning glass. Specularius A worker associated with specularia, meaning translucent panes or window-like sheets. Specularia Roman window panes or translucent panels. Vitrum Latin for glass. Officina A workshop, workplace, or production space. Furnace The high-temperature structure used to melt or reheat glass. Roman glassworking required intense heat, often around 1,000°C. Crucible A heat-resistant vessel used to hold molten glass or other materials during high-temperature work. Molten glass Glass heated until it becomes soft, viscous, and workable. Casting stone A flat working surface onto which molten glass could be poured and spread to form a pane. Cullet Broken or waste glass reused in glass production. Recycling cullet reduced the need for expensive imported raw glass. Natron A naturally occurring soda-rich mineral used as a flux in Roman glassmaking. It helped lower the melting temperature of silica. Primary glass production The large-scale making of raw glass from ingredients such as silica, natron, and lime. Major centres were in the eastern Mediterranean, especially Egypt and the Levant. Secondary glass production The reworking of raw glass chunks or recycled glass into finished objects such as vessels, beads, or window panes. Levant The eastern Mediterranean region, including areas such as modern Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, and Jordan. Freedman A formerly enslaved person who had been legally freed. Many Roman artisans and business operators were freedmen. Sulphuratae Sulphur matches or sulphur-tipped fire-sticks mentioned by Martial. In the episode, they appear in a joke about bartering cheap matches for broken glass. Martial A Roman poet and satirist, famous for short, sharp epigrams. Caecilius The target of Martial’s insult in the episode. Beyond the Tiber A reference to the Transtiberine district. In Roman satire, this could carry associations of poverty, marginality, migrants, freedmen, and lower-status urban life. Float glass Modern flat glass made by floating molten glass on molten tin. This is a modern industrial process, not Roman. Mica A mineral that can split into thin, translucent sheets. It was used historically as a light-admitting material. Alabaster A translucent stone that could be cut thinly to admit light before or alongside the use of glass windows. Vellum Prepared animal skin. In some contexts, thin animal membranes could be used to admit diffused light. Pliny the Elder Roman author of Natural History. He discusses glass and states that the most prized glass was colourless and transparent, resembling rock crystal. Rock crystal Clear quartz. Pliny uses it as a comparison for high-quality colourless glass. Bathhouse A major Roman building type that often used glass or other translucent materials to control light, heat, and comfort. Pane A sheet or panel of glass used in a window. Greenish or bluish glass Common natural tints in Roman glass, often caused by impurities in the raw materials. Annealing The controlled cooling of glass to reduce internal stress. If cooling was poorly managed, glass could crack or fail. Buy me a Coffee [https://ko-fi.com/buildlikearoman] Bluesky [https://bsky.app/profile/buildlikearoman.bsky.social] Instagram [https://www.instagram.com/build_like_a_roman/] Follow: Acast [https://shows.acast.com/68ad5c37b1a334874a744a69/697df5c622b46a261ab8950d] Apple [https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/build-like-a-roman/id1873634566] Patreon [https://www.patreon.com/cw/BuildLikeARoman] Spotify [https://open.spotify.com/show/3keRSIipuoxRkagDXSMkmp] Music Happy harp 6109353 ---------------------------------------- Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy [https://acast.com/privacy] for more information.

Roman Woodworkers

In this episode of Build Like a Roman, we look at the Roman carpenter and the wider world of ancient woodworkers. From the faber tignarius, or structural carpenter, to joiners, furniture makers, shipwrights, and military craftsmen, we explore how timber shaped Roman buildings even when the wood itself has long disappeared. This episode covers tools, training, collegia, timber supply, joinery, centring, roofs, and the technical knowledge behind Roman carpentry.  ☕ Buy Me a Coffee - https://ko-fi.com/buildlikearoman GLOSSARY – EPISODE 17: ROMAN WOODWORKERS Adze / Ascia A shaping tool with the blade set at right angles to the handle. Roman carpenters used it to square logs, trim beams, and work timber across the grain. Carpentarius Originally linked to carpentum, a two-wheeled wagon. It gives us the English word “carpenter,” but was closer to wagon-maker than structural carpenter. Carpentum A Roman two-wheeled carriage or wagon. Centring Temporary timber framework used to support arches, vaults, or domes while masonry or concrete was being built and setting. Clavi Lignei Wooden pegs or “wooden nails” used to fasten heavy timber joints. Collegia Roman associations with professional, social, religious, and funerary roles. They were not exactly the same as medieval guilds. Collegia Fabrorum Associations of skilled builders and makers, including carpenters and other technical artisans. Dowel A wooden peg used to connect or reinforce pieces of timber. Equisetum / Horsetail A silica-rich plant used as a natural abrasive for smoothing and polishing wood. Faber A skilled maker or technical artisan. The term could apply to several trades, not only carpentry. Faber Tignarius A structural carpenter: literally a “maker of beams,” from tignum, meaning structural timber. Faber Intestinarius An interior joiner responsible for doors, windows, panelling, stairs, ceilings, and fitted woodwork. Faber Lectarius A furniture maker, especially associated with couches, beds, and fine domestic woodwork. Faber Navalis A shipwright or ship-builder. Publius Longidienus of Ravenna is an example mentioned in the episode. Fabri Plural of faber: skilled makers, craftsmen, or technical workers. Frame Saw / Sega a Telaio A saw with a thin blade tensioned inside a wooden frame, allowing straighter and more controlled cuts. Freedman A formerly enslaved person who had been manumitted. Many Roman artisans were freedmen. Funerary Stele A stone grave marker. Some Roman artisans used these monuments to display their tools and professional identity. Kerf The cut made by a saw blade. Setting the saw teeth wider than the blade helped prevent jamming. Libella An A-frame level with a plumb line, used to check whether a surface was level. Mortise-and-Tenon Joint A strong joint where a projecting tenon fits into a matching mortise hole. Norma The carpenter’s square, used for marking and checking right angles. Officina A workshop. Plane / Runcina A tool used to smooth and level timber surfaces. Roman planes could have iron soles and wedge-held blades. Plumb Bob A hanging weight used to establish a vertical line. Putlog Holes Holes left in walls where scaffold beams were inserted during construction. Securis An axe, distinct from an adze. The axe cuts more directly with or into the grain. Spring-Pole Lathe A lathe powered by a flexible pole and cord, used for turning wooden objects. Tignum Structural timber or beam. It is the root of faber tignarius. Tornator A woodturner who shaped timber on a lathe. Tree-Nail / Trenail A large wooden peg used in heavy carpentry and shipbuilding. Veneer A thin sheet of valuable wood glued onto a cheaper or more stable timber base. Vigiles Rome’s official fire and night-watch service, organised under Augustus. Wattle and Daub A walling system of woven rods covered with earth, clay, or lime-based material. Wood Turner A specialist who shaped wood on a lathe; in Latin, a tornator. Vitruvius. De Architectura  Adam, J-P. (1994). Roman Building: Materials and Techniques. Buy me a Coffee [https://ko-fi.com/buildlikearoman] Bluesky [https://bsky.app/profile/buildlikearoman.bsky.social] Instagram [https://www.instagram.com/build_like_a_roman/] Follow: Acast [https://shows.acast.com/68ad5c37b1a334874a744a69/697df5c622b46a261ab8950d] Apple [https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/build-like-a-roman/id1873634566] Patreon [https://www.patreon.com/cw/BuildLikeARoman] Spotify [https://open.spotify.com/show/3keRSIipuoxRkagDXSMkmp] Music Happy harp 6109353 ---------------------------------------- Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy [https://acast.com/privacy] for more information.

The Roman Roofer: Thatch, Stone and Clay

Does "Roman Roofs" make you think of red clay tile? Well, one of the most common types of Roman roof was probably thatch. Listen to this weeks episode to learn more about the person who did it. The Roofer. This weeks Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/p/DY5HjhNF_m8/ ☕ Buy Me a Coffee - https://ko-fi.com/buildlikearoman GLOSSARY Artisan A skilled craft worker. In this episode, the term refers to the people who physically made, laid, repaired, or finished Roman roofs, rather than the architects or patrons who commissioned buildings. Carpentarius A Latin term connected with carpentum, a carriage or wagon. Carpentum A Roman carriage or wagon. Fired clay Clay hardened by heating in a kiln. Roman roof tiles were commonly made of fired clay, especially the familiar tegulaand imbrex system. Flashing A protective strip or sheet, often of lead, used to keep water from entering vulnerable joints in a roof, such as around edges, walls, gutters, or roof intersections. The term is modern, but the principle is relevant to ancient roofing. Freedman / freedwoman A formerly enslaved person who had been manumitted. In Roman craft production, freedmen and freedwomen could remain connected to former owners, workshops, households, or trade networks. Graffiti tile A tile marked before firing with writing, symbols, footprints, or other informal marks. The episode mentions examples of inscribed roof tiles, including tiles associated with enslaved women working in tile production. Imbrex The curved Roman roof tile placed over the joints between flat tiles. Plural: imbrices. In the standard Roman tile roof, the imbrices cover the seams between rows of tegulae. Kiln A high-temperature oven used to fire clay objects such as bricks, roof tiles, and pottery. In tile production, shaped clay tiles were dried first and then fired in a kiln. Plumbarius A Latin term for a worker associated with lead, from plumbum, meaning lead. It is connected to the later word “plumber,” although modern plumbers usually work mostly with other materials. Plumbum Latin for lead. This is the root of English words such as “plumber” and the chemical symbol Pb for lead. Roofer A modern English term for a craft worker who installs or repairs roofs. The episode stresses that there is no single, simple Roman equivalent covering every roofing material and roofing task. Scandulae Latin term for wooden shingles or roofing boards. These would have formed lightweight timber roofing coverings in some regions, though they rarely survive archaeologically. Scandularius A worker associated with scandulae, or wooden shingles. The term is rare and mainly epigraphic, so its exact occupational meaning should be treated cautiously. Slate A thin, split stone used as a roofing material. The episode uses “slate” broadly for stone roof tiles, noting that stone roofing was part of the wider Roman roofing repertoire. Tegula The flat Roman roof tile. In a typical Roman tile roof, tegulae formed the main flat covering, with raised edges or joints protected by imbrices. Tegulae Plural of tegula. These are the flat tiles in the Roman roof-tile system. Tegularius A Latin occupational term connected with tegula. It may refer to a tile-maker, tile worker, or possibly roofer, but it does not map neatly onto the modern English word “roofer.” Terracotta Fired clay, usually reddish or orange in colour. Roman roof tiles are often reconstructed as terracotta, though the episode argues that this was not the only roofing material used. Thatch A roofing material made from plant stems, such as reeds, straw, or long grasses. Tile yard A production area where clay tiles were shaped, dried, trimmed, and prepared for firing Sources Alan McWhirr and David Viner (1978). “The Production and Distribution of Tiles in Roman Britain with Particular Reference to the Cirencester Region.” Fikret Yegül and Diane Favro (2019). Roman Architecture and Urbanism: From the Origins to Late Antiquity. Peter Warry (2006). “A Dated Typology for Roman Roof-Tiles (Tegulae).” Buy me a Coffee [https://ko-fi.com/buildlikearoman] Bluesky [https://bsky.app/profile/buildlikearoman.bsky.social] Instagram [https://www.instagram.com/build_like_a_roman/] Follow: Acast [https://shows.acast.com/68ad5c37b1a334874a744a69/697df5c622b46a261ab8950d] Apple [https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/build-like-a-roman/id1873634566] Patreon [https://www.patreon.com/cw/BuildLikeARoman] Spotify [https://open.spotify.com/show/3keRSIipuoxRkagDXSMkmp] Music Happy harp 6109353 ---------------------------------------- Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy [https://acast.com/privacy] for more information.

The Roman Mosaic Artist: Marble Pixels

Roman Mosaicist created structural art using 'pixels' of marble. Some were functional and plain, some with standard geometric patterns while others were no less than works of art. Photos of this episode: https://www.instagram.com/p/DYkf7mLF0qd/ ☕ Buy Me a Coffee - https://ko-fi.com/buildlikearoman GLOSSARY Aedificium Latin term for a building or structure. Relevant because Roman mosaics were not simply decoration but integrated architectural elements. Bedding Layer The mortar layer into which tesserae were pressed during installation. Roman mosaicists needed to judge moisture content carefully to achieve proper adhesion and alignment. Cubiculum A Roman bedroom or private chamber in a house or villa. Some contained geometric mosaics. Domus An elite Roman urban house, often decorated with wall paintings and mosaic floors. Emblema (plural: emblemata) A detailed central mosaic panel, often pictorial and sometimes made separately in a workshop before installation on site. These often depicted mythology, theatre scenes, animals, or marine life. Lime Mortar Mortar made with lime and aggregates such as sand or crushed ceramics. Used in the layered construction beneath mosaics. Musivarius A Roman mosaic specialist, although the term more often appears in Late Roman and Byzantine sources and may sometimes refer to wall and vault mosaics as well as floors. Opus Musivum A Latin term associated with mosaic work, especially decorative mosaic surfaces. Opus Signinum A waterproof floor material made from crushed ceramic (usually tile) mixed with lime mortar. Often used as a subfloor beneath mosaics or as a finished floor in less wealthy buildings. Opus Tessellatum The most common Roman mosaic technique, using relatively standard-sized tesserae to create images or patterns. Opus Vermiculatum A highly detailed mosaic technique using very small tesserae, especially for central pictorial panels (emblemata). The name refers to the worm-like flowing lines created around figures. Patron / Client Relationship Roman building and decorative work often operated through patronage. Wealthy property owners commissioned artisan teams for decorative programmes. Pavimentum Latin for a paved floor. Could refer to stone paving, mortar floors, or mosaic surfaces. Pozzolana Volcanic ash that could create hydraulic mortar when mixed with lime. More common in Italy than Britain, but important in Roman mortar technology generally.  Roman Villa A rural elite residence. Villas in Britain frequently contained mosaics, especially dining rooms (triclinia) and bath suites. Statumen The lowest structural layer beneath a Roman floor, typically compacted stone. Rudus A compacted layer of coarse mortar and rubble placed above the statumen. Nucleus A finer mortar layer placed beneath the visible mosaic surface, providing an even bed for tesserae. Tessella / Tesserae Small pieces of stone, ceramic, glass, or marble used to create mosaics. Although often called “mosaic tiles” today, they are not tiles in the modern sense. Tessellarius A mosaic worker or installer, often associated specifically with floor mosaics. Triclinium A Roman dining room. Wealthy triclinia frequently had elaborate mosaics intended to impress guests. Workshop (Officina) An artisan working group. Mosaic workshops likely included designers, stone cutters, apprentices, mortar labourers, and senior installers. Sources: Adam Rogers (2015). The Archaeology of Roman Britain: Biography and Identity. London: Routledge.   David S. Neal (1981). Roman Mosaics in Britain. London: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies. David S. Neal and Stephen R. Cosh (2002–2010). Roman Mosaics of Britain. 4 vols. London: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies. Roger Ling (1998). Ancient Mosaics. London: British Museum Press. Buy me a Coffee [https://ko-fi.com/buildlikearoman] Bluesky [https://bsky.app/profile/buildlikearoman.bsky.social] Instagram [https://www.instagram.com/build_like_a_roman/] Follow: Acast [https://shows.acast.com/68ad5c37b1a334874a744a69/697df5c622b46a261ab8950d] Apple [https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/build-like-a-roman/id1873634566] Patreon [https://www.patreon.com/cw/BuildLikeARoman] Spotify [https://open.spotify.com/show/3keRSIipuoxRkagDXSMkmp] Music Happy harp 6109353 ---------------------------------------- Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy [https://acast.com/privacy] for more information.

The Roman Blacksmith: Making Metal

Roman Blacksmiths, Faber Ferrarius were at the heart of Roman construction. Without them, life would have been so much more difficult, not only for the masons, carpenters, plasterers an so on, but basically for everyone. This episode looks at how they worked.   GLOSSARY Anvil A heavy iron block used as a working surface for shaping hot metal with hammers Bellows A leather-and-wood device used to force air into a fire, increasing temperature. Essential for ironworking and smelting. Bloom A porous lump of iron produced in a bloomery furnace. It contained iron mixed with slag and impurities and required further hammering and refining before use. Bloomery Process The main ancient method of producing iron. Iron ore and charcoal were heated together in a furnace with forced air from bellows to chemically reduce the ore into metallic iron. Carburisation A process where iron is heated in a carbon-rich environment, allowing carbon to diffuse into the surface and create steel-like properties. Charcoal Wood heated in low oxygen conditions to produce a cleaner, hotter-burning fuel than ordinary wood. Widely used in ancient metalworking. Coke A carbon-rich fuel derived from coal. Common in later historical blacksmithing, though not normally associated with the Roman period. Collegia Roman professional associations or organised groups connected with trades, religion, burial arrangements, and civic identity. Cramp / Clamp An iron fixing used to connect masonry blocks together. Often sealed in lead to reduce corrosion and movement. Crucible Steel High-carbon steel produced in sealed ceramic crucibles. Ancient Indian crucible steel later became associated with “wootz” and Damascus steel. Damascus Steel A later Middle Eastern steel famous for patterned blades, often produced using imported crucible steel ingots from India or Central Asia. Diodorus Siculus A 1st-century BC Greek historian who described iron production on the island of Elba. Fabricae Large Roman military workshops used for manufacturing and repairing weapons, tools, armour, and equipment. Faber Ferrarius Latin term meaning “iron worker” or blacksmith. Ferrum Latin word for iron. Freedman A formerly enslaved person who had legally obtained freedom. Gaul The Roman name for the region broadly corresponding to modern France and surrounding areas. Hammerman A worker whose main role involved striking and shaping hot metal with hammers during forging operations. Hematite (Fe₂O₃) A common iron ore consisting mainly of iron oxide. Julius Pollux A 2nd-century AD Greek scholar who compiled the Onomasticon, a technical vocabulary of crafts, tools and professions. Limonite / Meadow Ore A low-grade iron ore formed in bogs and wetlands Magnetite (Fe₃O₄) A naturally magnetic iron ore Martensite A very hard crystalline structure formed in steel during rapid cooling or quenching. Metallurgy The extraction, refinement and working of metals. Ore Naturally occurring rock containing useful metal compounds. Quenching Rapid cooling of hot metal, usually in water or oil, to alter hardness and strength. Reduction A chemical process in which oxygen is removed from metal ore during smelting, leaving metallic iron behind. Seric Iron A term used in classical sources for highly valued eastern iron or steel imports. Some scholars associate it with early Indian crucible steel. Slag Waste material and impurities separated from metal during smelting and forging. Swage A shaped metalworking tool used to form or finish metal during forging. Wootz Steel A type of ancient Indian crucible steel known for high carbon content and excellent cutting performance. Often associated with later Damascus steel. Wrought Iron Low-carbon iron worked by hammering and forging. Tougher and softer than steel. PRIMARY SOURCES The Digest of Justinian Natural History - Pliny the Elder Vitruvius. Ten Books on Architecture Adam Rogers (2015). The Archaeology of Roman Britain: Biography and Identity. London: Routledge. Buy me a Coffee [https://ko-fi.com/buildlikearoman] Bluesky [https://bsky.app/profile/buildlikearoman.bsky.social] Instagram [https://www.instagram.com/build_like_a_roman/] Follow: Acast [https://shows.acast.com/68ad5c37b1a334874a744a69/697df5c622b46a261ab8950d] Apple [https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/build-like-a-roman/id1873634566] Patreon [https://www.patreon.com/cw/BuildLikeARoman] Spotify [https://open.spotify.com/show/3keRSIipuoxRkagDXSMkmp] Music Happy harp 6109353 ---------------------------------------- Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy [https://acast.com/privacy] for more information.