Cortés's Siege Engineers: The Forgotten Spanish and Indigenous Innovators

The Mexica Calendar System That Cortés Destroyed

In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the sophisticated Mexica calendar system and how its destruction was a deliberate act of cultural erasure by Hernán Cortés. They discuss the tonalpohualli (260-day sacred calendar) and the xiuhpohualli (365-day solar calendar), their role in agriculture, ritual, and governance, and the massive stone calendar—the Sun Stone—that was buried after the conquest. The conversation covers how Cortés and the Franciscans systematically targeted Mexica timekeeping, burning codices and smashing monuments, replacing it with the Christian calendar. Lucas explains the concept of nemontemi (the five unlucky days) and the New Fire ceremony, and how the loss of the calendar system broke the connection between the Mexica people and their gods. The episode also touches on the efforts of indigenous scribes and scholars like Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl to preserve fragments of this knowledge, and what little survives today. #MexicaCalendar #Tonalpohualli #Xiuhpohualli #SunStone #Cortés #CulturalErasure #NewFireCeremony #Nemontemi #FernandodeAlvaIxtlilxochitl #FlorentineCodex #Tenochtitlan #Huitzilopochtli #Tlaloc #Mesoamerica #IndigenousHistory #Colonialism #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

Cortés's Siege Engineers: The Forgotten Spanish and Indigenous Innovators

In Episode 167 of Fexingo History, Lucas and Luna explore the engineering marvels and logistical ingenuity behind Hernán Cortés's conquest of the Aztec Empire. While popular history credits brute force and disease, this episode dives into the forgotten story of Martín López, the Spanish shipbuilder who designed and built the thirteen bergantines (brigantines) that gave Cortés control of Lake Texcoco and broke the Mexica defensive network. We also uncover the crucial role of Tlaxcalan carpenters, Texcocan laborers, and Nahua allies who shaped these vessels and hauled them over the mountains to Tenochtitlan. Learn how these ships, armed with falconets and manned by crossbowmen, turned the tide during the siege. We also examine the Mexica countermeasures—causeway defenses, obsidian-studded stakes, and war canoes—and how innovation on both sides determined the outcome. Along the way, we discuss the Florentine Codex and Bernal Díaz del Castillo's accounts that detail these little-known feats of military engineering. No prior knowledge required, but a fresh take on a classic story. #Cortés #AztecEmpire #MartínLópez #Bergantines #LakeTexcoco #Tenochtitlan #Tlaxcala #Mexica #SiegeEngineering #FlorentineCodex #BernalDíaz #Falconets #Canoes #Mesoamerica #ConquestOfMexico #MilitaryHistory #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

The Mexica Flower Wars and Cortés's Conquest

Long before Cortés landed, the Mexica fought ritualized 'flower wars' — xochiyaoyotl in Nahuatl — to capture prisoners for sacrifice, not to conquer territory. This episode explores how that martial tradition shaped the Spanish invasion. We examine why the Tlaxcalans, despite decades of warfare, remained independent and became Cortés's key allies; how Mexica battle tactics, designed for capture rather than killing, disadvantaged them against Spanish and Tlaxcalan forces who fought to destroy; and the controversial claim that Moctezuma II's hesitation stemmed from flower-war protocol. Drawing on the Florentine Codex, Bernal Díaz del Castillo, and recent scholarship, we untangle ritual warfare from military reality — and show how the logic of the xochiyaoyotl may have cost the Mexica their empire. #xochiyaoyotl #FlowerWars #Mexica #Aztec #HernanCortes #Tlaxcala #FlorentineCodex #BernalDiaz #Moctezuma #Nahuatl #Mesoamerica #Tenochtitlan #ConquestOfMexico #RitualWarfare #History #FexingoHistory #MesoamericanHistory #MilitaryHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

Cortés's Lost Allies: The Totonac Revolt That Started It All

We often hear about the Tlaxcalans as Cortés's key indigenous allies, but the first crack in the Aztec Empire came from a different people: the Totonacs of Cempoala. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore how a coastal tribute revolt spiraled into a full-blown alliance that gave Cortés his first foothold, his first major battle, and the critical mass of porters and warriors he needed to march inland. They examine the Cempoala leader Chicomacatl (also known as the Fat Cacique), the Totonac grievances against the Mexica tribute system, and the brutal massacre that nearly ended the alliance before it began. Along the way, they revisit the tension between Cortés's legal maneuvering and the Totonac's desperate gamble for freedom. Drawing on the Florentine Codex, Bernal Díaz del Castillo, and the Lienzo de Tlaxcala, this episode is a deep dive into the overlooked first domino that fell, and how a small coastal city-state helped bring down an empire. #Totonac #Cempoala #HernanCortes #AztecEmpire #Mexica #Chicomacatl #FatCacique #FlorentineCodex #BernalDiaz #LienzodeTlaxcala #ConquestofMexico #TributeSystem #IndigenousAllies #CortesAllies #Mesoamerica #History #FexingoHistory #SpanishConquest Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

The Xicotencatl Rivalry: Cortés's Fateful Tlaxcalan Split

While Tlaxcalan help is famous, less known is the internal war that nearly stopped Cortés before Tenochtitlan. This episode dives into the clash between Xicotencatl the Elder and his son Xicotencatl the Younger over whether to ally with the Spanish. We explore the younger Xicotencatl's battlefield brilliance, his stubborn resistance, and how his eventual betrayal and execution by Cortés foreshadowed the fate of indigenous allies. Drawing on the Lienzo de Tlaxcala and Bernal Díaz del Castillo, we trace how a single family's division shaped the conquest's outcome. Plus: the role of Tizatlán, the Tlaxcalan senate, and the enigmatic Maxixcatzin. A story of strategy, honor, and the high cost of choosing sides. #Xicotencatl #Tlaxcala #Cortés #AztecEmpire #ConquestOfMexico #LienzoDeTlaxcala #BernalDíaz #Maxixcatzin #Tizatlán #Mesoamerica #Nahuatl #SpanishConquest #IndigenousAllies #BattleOfTlaxcala #History #FexingoHistory #Mexica #Conquistadors Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]