Illegal, Unpleasant, Unpatented, and Potentially Life-Saving: the Ibogaine Question

Illegal, Unpleasant, Unpatented, and Potentially Life-Saving: the Ibogaine Question

On April 18th, 2026, President Trump signed Executive Order 14401, which directs federal agencies to accelerate research into psychedelic medications for the treatment of serious mental illness, including substance use disorder. One of the most prominent substances mentioned in this EO is the alkaloid ibogaine.  As of this podcast episode, ibogaine is a Schedule I controlled substance in the U.S., meaning that legally it is considered to have a high potential for abuse without any known medical benefits. Its scheduled status also makes it extremely difficult to research. However, treatment with ibogaine is legal in other countries and some promising studies do exist, including a seminal paper by Stanford University looking at brain health in combat veterans with traumatic brain injury.  Meanwhile, in the same month, the Tennessee legislature passed Public Chapter 1119, which authorized research into ibogaine in secure, clinical contexts.  This month, we are joined by W. Bryan Hubbard of Americans for Ibogaine and Rikki Harris of TN Voices, two of the organizations advocating for this body of research to expand both here in Tennessee and across the country.  Ibogaine is not like most psychoactive substances. It is reportedly an intensely unpleasant experience that lasts for many hours, involving vomiting and the risk of heart arrhythmias. There is no illicit market for it like there is for psilocybin or other psychedelics. Further, the original patent has expired, meaning that the private sector has no significant profit motivation to develop this drug on their own. As such, one of the policy options being explored in this debate is a multi-state research compact, where the public sector would effectively be taking a unique role in developing a new medication.  As always, this episode is intended to be educational, and any opinions expressed in this episode reflect those of the guest, and do not represent the opinions of the University of Tennessee.  Learn more: Magnesium–Ibogaine: the Stanford Traumatic Injury to the CNS protocol (MISTIC) https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10878970/pdf/41591_2023_Article_2705.pdf Americans for Ibogaine: https://www.americansforibogaine.org/  TN Voices: https://tnvoices.org/  SMART: www.smart.tennessee.edu  https://smartpolicypodcast.buzzsprout.com/

12 Hard Lessons: Richard J. Baum on America's Opioid Crisis

The arc of the opioid crisis is, by now, familiar to most people. Over-prescribing of legal opioids in the late nineties caused escalating numbers of people to develop use disorders. In the 2000s, new prescribing guidelines and controlled substance monitoring went into effect, and the legal supply of opioids rapidly reduced - so quickly that many people with opioid dependence turned to heroin to stave off withdrawal. But that only made the problem much worse.  And then by the mid 2010s, fentanyl and its multitude of analogues hit the scene and overdose deaths exponentially skyrocketed.  And then the pandemic hit, and the death toll literally doubled.  Richard J. Baum is one of those few individuals who has had a bird’s eye view of the crisis the whole time.  Baum served in the Office of National Drug Control Policy through six presidential administrations from the late nineties until he became Acting Director under President Trump. This month he joins us to discuss his perspectives.   Baum is now Adjunct Lecturer at Georgetown University, where he is teaching a course based on his comprehensive book, Inside America’s Opioid Crisis, which draws on more than three decades of work on national drug policy. In this conversation, we talk about how the crisis unfolded, but focus on the current moment defined by shifting drug trends, unpredictable overdose spikes, a large grey market of unregulated dangerous drugs sold as supplements, and the rise in stimulant use even as fentanyl overdoses decline.  Baum has learned a lot from his experience on all aspects of this crisis, like treatment, prevention, and how best to inform the public about the dangers of each new drug threat. As always, any opinions expressed in this episode reflect those of the guest, and do not represent the opinions of the University of Tennessee.  Learn more: Richard J. Baum: https://richardjbaum.com/  Inside America’s Opioid Crisis: https://richardjbaum.com/book  SMART: www.smart.tennessee.edu  https://smartpolicypodcast.buzzsprout.com/

Why a New Synthetic Opioid is Outsmarting Drug Tests

There’s been growing attention to a new chemical in the illicit drug supply: N-Propionitrile Chlorphine, also known as cychlorphine.  On top of being more potent than fentanyl, it’s also extremely hard to detect on toxicology tests. Currently, all deaths attributed to cychlorphine have been identified in the East Tennessee region around Knoxville, but experts believe it is in more areas already - we just haven’t been able to identify it.  Cychlorphine is an excellent example of why staying on top of new drug trends can be so challenging. This month I am joined by Chris Thomas of the Knox County Regional Forensic Center, Dr. Shravani Durbhakula of Vanberbilt University Medical Center, and Adam Gray of the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation to discuss the challenges of these new drugs from forensic, clinical, and law enforcement perspectives.  In this conversation we talk about several of the newer drugs in the supply, the technological and logistical limitations of testing for drugs, and of course, the policy options that could make this problem a little better.  Learn more: CFSRE Summary of N-Propionitrile Chlorphine: https://www.cfsre.org/nps-discovery/monographs/n-propionitrile-chlorphine  Importance of Naloxone with Cychlorphine: https://www.tn.gov/health/news/2026/3/18/tdh-reinforces-importance-of-naloxone-with-rise-in-cychlorphine-fatalities.html  Knox County Regional Forensic Center: https://www.knoxcounty.org/rfc/  Dr. Shravani Durbhakula: https://www.shravanimd.com/about-dr-shravani-durbhakula/  SMART: www.smart.tennessee.edu

What the Brain Disease Model of Addiction Gets Right — and What It Misses

Something really has changed over the past twenty years, especially in the last ten. Our culture has increasingly come to accept the idea that addiction is a chronic, treatable disease, not a moral failure. Secretary RFK Jr. of the Dept. of Health and Human Services said this almost word-for-word just about a month ago when President Trump signed the Executive Order establishing the Great American Recovery Initiative, adding that for too long we have treated substance use disorder with “fragmentation, stigmatization and silence instead of science, compassion and coordination.”In the field of science, both clinical and academic, this is often referred to as the “brain disease model of addiction,” based on the definition of a disease as a condition that changes the structure or function of at least part of an organ or system. However, though this framework has done a lot to reduce stigma and increase the acceptance of evidence-based treatment, you don’t have to go looking very long before you see that our healthcare, housing, and criminal justice systems are still stuck in the past. And on top of that, the recovery community itself remains split on what it even means to have the disease of addiction.My guests this month are Dr. Kirsten Smith, a researcher and clinical social worker who found recovery and earned her doctorate after going to prison for robbing banks in order to pay for heroin, and Dr. Stephen Loyd, Chief Medical Officer of Cedar Recovery and Chair of the Tennessee Opioid Abatement Council, who is also in recovery from opioid and benzodiazepine use disorder. Dr. Smith was recently featured in an article by the Guardian, wherein she offered some intriguing criticisms and limitations of the brain disease model, and it caught our attention at the SMART Initiative, as well as that of Dr. Loyd. Fortunately, the two agreed to come onto our show for a deep dive, and as you can see, this episode turned out to be longer than normal. It also contains some concepts that some might find controversial. Additionally, though we frequently discuss drug use on this show, we get a bit up close and personal to the topics of cravings, recovery, and more, so some listener discretion is advised. And as always, this episode is intended to be educational, showcases the personal opinions of the guests, and does not reflect any opinion or belief of the University of Tennessee.That being said, I found this conversation to be insightful and challenging, with compelling takeaways for everyone, no matter where they stand on the matter. Learn more:Dr. Stephen Loyd: https://www.cedarrecovery.com/dr-stephen-loyd/ Dr. Kirsten Smith: https://www.theguardian.com/news/2025/sep/04/bank-robber-scholar-knoxville-change-addiction Dr. Alan Leshner’s 1997 paper on the brain disease model of addiction: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9311924/ “Behave” by Robert Sapolsky: https://www.sackett.net/sapolsky_behave.pdf SMART: www.smart.tennessee.edu Listen on Apple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/smart-policy-podcast/id1642539321 Listen on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/5qbzONIr0hlWxiQsPwkXHM Listen on Soundcloud: https://soundcloud.com/smart-initiative

When There's No License to Lose: How Tennessee Teens Are Still Buying Vapes

Ask just about any teacher or parent about what concerns them, and you’ll hear about vaping. According to the Tennessee Dept. of Health, 22% youth admit to vaping, which is a rate more than twice the national average. 22 counties across the state have identified nicotine, tobacco or youth vaping as one of their top health concerns in recent health assessments. An additional 46 counties identify substance use or mental health, especially of youth, as top concerns, and research widely associates teen tobacco product use with these issues. In recent years, Tennessee has passed numerous laws to restrict youth vaping, including limiting products to just the list of FDA-approved devices, banning sales to anyone under 21, restricting marketing and significantly increasing punishments for breaking these laws. However, despite a reference in the law to revocation of a license as a potential penalty, there is no licensing system to sell tobacco products in Tennessee. Last year, Tennessee also charged the Alcoholic Beverage Commission, or ABC, with conducting compliance checks on vape sales, as well as regulating hemp-derived cannabinoid products. Since launching that work, they have found a state average compliance rate of only 82%, meaning a lot of youth are slipping through the cracks and illegally buying vapes. My guests this month are Aaron Rummage of the TN ABC and Jamie Kent, Chair of Smokefree Tennessee, the state’s official nicotine prevention coalition. In this conversation, we talk about the ins and outs of tobacco retail licensure, a policy option that could potentially improve transparency, compliance, youth prevention, and more. We also talk briefly about how recent federal actions might change the availability of hemp-derived cannabinoid products in Tennessee. Learn more:Tennessee ABC: www.tn.gov/abc Smokefree Tennessee: www.smokefreetennessee.com SMART: www.smart.tennessee.edu Listen on Apple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/smart-policy-podcast/id1642539321 Listen on Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/5qbzONIr0hlWxiQsPwkXHM Listen on Soundcloud: https://soundcloud.com/smart-initiative