Cerebral Cortex

Stroke: Part 1

Time to talk stroke! In the first episode of a multi-part series on stroke, Dr. Michael Powers discusses stroke risk factors, the importance of early detection including the value of BEFAST and HINTS, and presentations of common vascular syndromes. Along the way, you'll learn about the differences between ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes, and how despite these differences the functional outcomes between these types of strokes is fairly similar. As 1 in 4 adults over the age of 25 will sustain a stroke in their lifetime, this is a vital topic for all physical therapists regardless of practice area! Key Takeaways * Prevalence/incidence of stroke * Stroke risk factors * PT role in educating patients on modifiable risk factors * Time is brain * Early detection: FAST, BEFAST, and HINTS * Ischemic vs hemorrhagic stroke - differences in medical management, similarities in functional outcomes * Vascular syndromes: ACA, MCA, PCA, which is most common? * Hemispheric differences References * O'Sullivan & Schmitz's Physical Rehabilitation, 8th ed. [https://www.fadavis.com/product/physical-rehabilitation-fulk-8] * WHO Global Stroke Fact Sheet 2025 [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11786524/] * Stroke Symptoms [https://www.stroke.org/en/about-stroke/stroke-symptoms] * Systematic Review Comparing FAST and BEFAST [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8837419/] * HINTS Exam More Sensitive Than Early MRI [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4593511/] * TPA vs TNK in Acute Ischemic Stroke Within 4.5 Hours [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39413337/] * Hemorrhagic Stroke Overview [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559173/] * Hemorrhagic Transformation of Ischemic Stroke [https://radiopaedia.org/articles/hemorrhagic-transformation-of-ischemic-stroke] * Ischemic vs Hemorrhagic Stroke Functional Outcomes [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33379391/] All music courtesy of Free Music Archive and used via attribution 4.0 international license. * Intro and Outro: Stylin' by JMHBM * Transitional: Our Reality by Ketsa Connect * email: neuropowerhour@drmichaelpowers.com * LinkedIn [https://www.linkedin.com/in/michael-powers-pt-dpt-edd/]

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Time to talk about good ol' carpal tunnel syndrome! In this episode, Dr. Michael Powers discusses key considerations of managing carpal tunnel syndrome, including the importance of patient history and the use of evidence-based practice in clinical-decision making. He also highlights the importance of knowing your anatomy, including knowing the unforgiving structure of the carpal tunnel (how many flexor tendons are squeezed in there?) and recalling peripheral nerves are complex structures composed of multiple neurons functionally grouped together in fascicles. This episode is a must-listen if you're wanting to improve your confidence in applying the evidence toward the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of carpal tunnel syndrome! References * Global and Regional Prevalence of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11645257/?shem=rimspwouoe] * Carpal Tunnel Syndrome [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448179/] * Teach Me Anatomy: The Carpal Tunnel [https://teachmeanatomy.info/upper-limb/areas/carpal-tunnel/] * A Self-administered Hand Diagram for the Diagnosis of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome [https://www.jhandsurg.org/article/0363-5023(90)90124-A/abstract] * A Handy Review of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4072815/] * Median Nerve Injury [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553109/] * CPR for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome [https://www.physio-pedia.com/CPR_for_Carpal_Tunnel_Syndrome] * Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Summary of Clinical Practice Guideline Recommendations - Using the Evidence of Guide Physical Therapy Practice [https://www.jospt.org/doi/10.2519/jospt.2019.0501?shem=rimspwouoe] * Electrodiagnostic Evaluation of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562235/] * Recent Advances in Ultrasound Diagnosis of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7460039/] * Surgical vs. Non-surgical Treatment for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome [https://www.cochrane.org/evidence/CD001552_surgical-versus-non-surgical-treatment-carpal-tunnel-syndrome] All music courtesy of Free Music Archive and used via attribution 4.0 international license. * Intro and Outro: Stylin' by JMHBM * Transitional: Our Reality by Ketsa Connect * Email: neuropowerhour@drmichaelpowers.com * LinkedIn [https://www.linkedin.com/in/michael-powers-pt-dpt-edd/]

Cerebral Cortex

Let's learn about the brain! In this episode, Dr. Michael Powers introduces the cerebral cortex including the four main lobes (and wait, is there maybe a 5th lobe?), differences between the left and right hemispheres, and the importance of the limbic system. If you've ever wondered where in the brain language is processed, memories are stored, commands for movement are generated, where incoming sensation is interpreted, or the role of emotions in memory consolidation then this episode is for you! References * Clinical Neuroanatomy, 30th Edition [https://www.amazon.com/Clinical-Neuroanatomy-30th-Stephen-Waxman/dp/1264583621] * Brain Anatomy and How the Brain Works [https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/anatomy-of-the-brain] * Neuronatomy, Cerebral Cortex [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537247/] * Insular Cortex [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK570606/] * Neuroanatomy, Limbic System [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538491/] * Amygdala Activity [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2882379/] * My Stroke of Insight: A Brain Scientist's Personal Journey [https://www.amazon.com/My-Stroke-Insight-Scientists-Personal/dp/0452295548] All music courtesy of Free Music Archive and used via attribution 4.0 international license. * Intro and Outro: Stylin' by JMHBM * Transitional: Our Reality by Ketsa

Balance

In this episode, Dr. Michael Powers outlines key considerations for assessing and treating balance. He discusses the importance of considering contributions to balance from the individual, the environment, and the balance task including differences between various dimensions of balance. He differentiates normal age-related changes from balance dysfunction, and encourages clinicians to NOT accept balance dysfunction as part of the normal aging process. Your ability to effectively assess and treat balance will be enhanced after listening to this episode! Show References * Motor Control, 6th edition [https://www.amazon.com/Motor-Control-Translating-Research-Lippincott/dp/1975209567/ref=pd_lpo_d_sccl_1/136-7580794-0461133?pd_rd_w=uyw4R&content-id=amzn1.sym.4c8c52db-06f8-4e42-8e56-912796f2ea6c&pf_rd_p=4c8c52db-06f8-4e42-8e56-912796f2ea6c&pf_rd_r=QQ9MZM6YWGWA29MMP3V0&pd_rd_wg=O9SGL&pd_rd_r=bf8bd89d-5a1a-4669-a831-fd4fa24be697&pd_rd_i=1975209567&psc=1] * Changes in Sensory Organization Test Scores with Age [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8670527/] * Motor Unit Number Estimates in Masters Runners: Use it or Lose it? [https://journals.lww.com/acsm-msse/fulltext/2010/09000/motor_unit_number_estimates_in_masters_runners_.5.aspx] * Muscle Changes in Aging [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3874224/] * Heavy Strength Training in Older Adults [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12003923/] * Resistance Training for Older Adults: Position Statement From the National Strength and Conditioning Association [https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/fulltext/2019/08000/resistance_training_for_older_adults__position.1.aspx] All music courtesy of Free Music Archive and used via attribution 4.0 international license. * Intro and Outro: Stylin' by JMHBM * Transitional: Our Reality by Ketsa

Being Human

In this episode, Dr. Michael Powers highlights the importance of extending our thinking beyond biological and anatomical processes. Outcomes for patients with neurological conditions are NOT dependent solely upon medical diagnosis, rather, human elements such as psychology and social connections have an outsized impact on patient recovery and quality of life. Expand your neuro toolkit by learning how to optimize your therapeutic alliance in this episode! References * Biopsychosocial Model 25 Year Later [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1466742/] * A Revitalized Biopsychosocial Model [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10755226/] * Healthy People 2030 [https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople] * Role of Biopsychosocial Factors In Stroke Rehab [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6398539/] * Status Syndrome: A Challenge to Medicine [https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/202520] * Social Determinants of Health: If You Aren't Measuring Them, You Aren't Seeing the Big Picture [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31789121/] * Social Determinants of Health and Delivery of Rehab to Older Adults During ICU Hospitalization [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38728030/] * Fatigue And Fatigability In Neurologic Illnesses [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3589241/] * Post-Stroke QoL, Stroke Severity, and Function [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8831922/] * Post-Stroke QoL [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8937589/] * QoL Changes Post-Stroke by Clinical and Sociodemographic Factors [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-84454-5] * QoL In Patients with Spinal Cord Injury [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38542044/] * QoL In People with Spinal Cord Injury Response Shifts 1 to 5 Years Postinjury [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29481771/] * QoL In Patients with Multiple Sclerosis [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9853525/] * QoL In Parkinson's Disease [https://movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/mdc3.14063] * Disability In the Labor Market: Employment and Participation [https://libertystreeteconomics.newyorkfed.org/2026/01/disability-in-the-labor-market-employment-and-participation/] * The Economic Argument For Hiring People With Disabilities [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-021-00707-y] All music courtesy of Free Music Archive and used via attribution 4.0 international license. * Intro and Outro: Stylin' by JMHBM * Transitional: Our Reality by Ketsa Contact: neuropowerhour@drmichaelpowers.com