Lex Fridman Podcast

Jennifer Burns is a historian of ideas, focusing on the evolution of economic, political, and social ideas in the United States in the 20th century. She wrote two biographies, one on Milton Friedman, and the other on Ayn Rand. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep457-sc [https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep457-sc] See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/jennifer-burns-transcript [https://lexfridman.com/jennifer-burns-transcript] CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey [https://lexfridman.com/survey] AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama [https://lexfridman.com/ama] Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring [https://lexfridman.com/hiring] Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact [https://lexfridman.com/contact] EPISODE LINKS: Jennifer’s X: https://x.com/profburns [https://x.com/profburns] Jennifer’s Website: https://www.jenniferburns.org [https://www.jenniferburns.org] Jennifer’s Books: Milton Friedman biography: https://amzn.to/4hfy1HO [https://amzn.to/4hfy1HO] Ayn Rand biography: https://amzn.to/4afr3A0 [https://amzn.to/4afr3A0] SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Brain.fm: Music for focus. Go to https://brain.fm/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/brainfm-ep457-sc] GitHub: Developer platform and AI code editor. Go to https://gh.io/copilot [https://lexfridman.com/s/github-ep457-sc] LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/lmnt-ep457-sc] Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/shopify-ep457-sc] AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/ag1-ep457-sc] OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (10:05) – Milton Friedman (24:58) – The Great Depression (39:15) – Schools of economic thought (50:22) – Keynesian economics (58:10) – Laissez-faire (1:06:00) – Friedrich Hayek (1:11:18) – Money and monetarism (1:26:03) – Stagflation (1:30:56) – Moral case for capitalism (1:34:53) – Freedom (1:39:51) – Ethics of competition (1:43:37) – Win-win solutions (1:45:26) – Corruption (1:47:51) – Government intervention (1:54:10) – Conservatism (2:00:33) – Donald Trump (2:03:09) – Inflation (2:07:38) – DOGE (2:12:58) – Javier Milei (2:18:03) – Richard Nixon (2:25:17) – Ronald Reagan (2:28:24) – Cryptocurrency (2:43:40) – Ayn Rand (2:51:18) – The Fountainhead (3:02:58) – Sex and power dynamics (3:19:04) – Evolution of ideas in history (3:26:32) – Postmodernism (3:37:33) – Advice to students (3:45:50) – Lex reflects on Volodymyr Zelenskyy interview PODCAST LINKS: – Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast [https://lexfridman.com/podcast] – Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr [https://apple.co/2lwqZIr] – Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 [https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8] – RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ [https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/] – Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4] – Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips [https://www.youtube.com/lexclips]

Volodymyr Zelenskyy is the President of Ukraine. On YouTube this episode is available in English, Ukrainian, and Russian. Captions and voice-over audio tracks are provided in English, Ukrainian, Russian, and the original mixed-language version, with subtitles available in your preferred language. To listen to the original mixed language version, please select the English (UK) audio track audio track. The default is English overdub. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep456-sc [https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep456-sc] See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/volodymyr-zelenskyy-transcript [https://lexfridman.com/volodymyr-zelenskyy-transcript] CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey [https://lexfridman.com/survey] AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama [https://lexfridman.com/ama] Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring [https://lexfridman.com/hiring] Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact [https://lexfridman.com/contact] EPISODE LINKS: President Zelenskyy’s X: https://x.com/ZelenskyyUa [https://x.com/ZelenskyyUa] President Zelenskyy’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/zelenskyy_official [https://instagram.com/zelenskyy_official] President Zelenskyy’s Website: https://www.president.gov.ua/ [https://www.president.gov.ua/] SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Notion: Note-taking and team collaboration. Go to https://notion.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/notion-ep456-sc] GitHub: Developer platform and AI code editor. Go to https://gh.io/copilot [https://lexfridman.com/s/github-ep456-sc] AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/ag1-ep456-sc] LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/lmnt-ep456-sc] Eight Sleep: Temp-controlled smart mattress cover. Go to https://eightsleep.com/lex [https://eightsleep.com/lex] BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/betterhelp-ep456-sc] OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (20:17) – Language (30:06) – World War II (46:54) – Invasion on Feb 24, 2022 (53:30) – Negotiating Peace (1:13:47) – NATO and security guarantees (1:26:39) – Sitting down with Putin and Trump (1:46:09) – Compromise and leverage (1:51:38) – Putin and Russia (2:01:30) – Donald Trump (2:12:01) – Martial Law and Elections (2:24:21) – Corruption (2:33:06) – Elon Musk (2:37:10) – Trump Inauguration on Jan 20 (2:40:18) – Power dynamics in Ukraine (2:43:50) – Future of Ukraine (2:48:32) – Choice of language (2:58:02) – Podcast prep and research process (3:06:27) – Travel and setup (3:12:13) – Conclusion PODCAST LINKS: – Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast [https://lexfridman.com/podcast] – Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr [https://apple.co/2lwqZIr] – Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 [https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8] – RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ [https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/] – Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4] – Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips [https://www.youtube.com/lexclips] SOCIAL LINKS: – X: https://x.com/lexfridman [https://x.com/lexfridman] – Instagram: https://instagram.com/lexfridman [https://instagram.com/lexfridman] – TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman [https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman] – LinkedIn: https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman [https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman] – Facebook: https://facebook.com/lexfridman [https://facebook.com/lexfridman] – Patreon: https://patreon.com/lexfridman [https://patreon.com/lexfridman] – Telegram: https://t.me/lexfridman [https://t.me/lexfridman] – Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman [https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman]

Adam Frank is an astrophysicist studying star systems and the search for extraterrestrial life and alien civilizations. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep455-sc [https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep455-sc] See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/adam-frank-transcript [https://lexfridman.com/adam-frank-transcript] CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey [https://lexfridman.com/survey] AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama [https://lexfridman.com/ama] Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring [https://lexfridman.com/hiring] Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact [https://lexfridman.com/contact] EPISODE LINKS: Adam’s Website: https://adamfrankscience.com [https://adamfrankscience.com] Adam’s X: https://x.com/adamfrank4 [https://x.com/adamfrank4] Adam’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/adamfrankscience [https://instagram.com/adamfrankscience] Adam’s Books: The Little Book of Aliens: https://amzn.to/3OTX1rP [https://amzn.to/3OTX1rP] Light of the Stars: https://amzn.to/4iMKC6C [https://amzn.to/4iMKC6C] The Blind Spot: https://amzn.to/4gOCe4K [https://amzn.to/4gOCe4K] The Constant Fire: https://amzn.to/3ZVnxX4 [https://amzn.to/3ZVnxX4] SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Encord: AI tooling for annotation & data management. Go to https://encord.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/encord-ep455-sc] Eight Sleep: Temp-controlled smart mattress cover. Go to https://eightsleep.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/eight_sleep-ep455-sc] Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/shopify-ep455-sc] NetSuite: Business management software. Go to http://netsuite.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/netsuite-ep455-sc] BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/betterhelp-ep455-sc] Notion: Note-taking and team collaboration. Go to https://notion.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/notion-ep455-sc] LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/lmnt-ep455-sc] AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/ag1-ep455-sc] OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (14:22) – Planet formation (19:32) – Plate tectonics (26:54) – Extinction events (31:04) – Biosphere (34:02) – Technosphere (38:17) – Emergence of intelligence (44:29) – Drake equation (48:43) – Exoplanets (51:28) – Habitable zones (54:30) – Fermi Paradox (1:03:28) – Alien civilizations (1:12:55) – Colonizing Mars (1:25:11) – Search for aliens (1:41:37) – Alien megastructures (1:47:43) – Kardashev scale (1:52:56) – Detecting aliens (1:59:38) – Warp drives (2:05:45) – Cryogenics (2:09:03) – What aliens look like (2:17:48) – Alien contact (2:28:53) – UFO sightings (2:40:38) – Physics of life (3:06:29) – Nature of time (3:22:53) – Cognition (3:27:16) – Mortality

Saagar Enjeti is a political journalist & commentator, co-host of Breaking Points with Krystal and Saagar and The Realignment Podcast. He is exceptionally well-read, and the books he recommends are always fascinating and eye-opening. You can check out all the books he mentions in this episode here: https://lexfridman.com/saagar-books [https://lexfridman.com/saagar-books] Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep454-sc [https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep454-sc] See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/saagar-enjeti-2-transcript [https://lexfridman.com/saagar-enjeti-2-transcript] CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey [https://lexfridman.com/survey] AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama [https://lexfridman.com/ama] Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring [https://lexfridman.com/hiring] Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact [https://lexfridman.com/contact] EPISODE LINKS: Saagar’s Book Recommendations: https://lexfridman.com/saagar-books [https://lexfridman.com/saagar-books] Saagar’s Substack (where he recommends more books): https://saagarenjeti.substack.com/ [https://saagarenjeti.substack.com/] Saagar’s X: https://x.com/esaagar [https://x.com/esaagar] Saagar’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/esaagar [https://instagram.com/esaagar] Breaking Points: https://youtube.com/@breakingpoints [https://youtube.com/@breakingpoints] The Realignment Podcast: https://www.youtube.com/@therealignment [https://www.youtube.com/@therealignment] Saagar’s Linktree: https://linktr.ee/esaagar [https://linktr.ee/esaagar] SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Eight Sleep: Temp-controlled smart mattress cover. Go to https://eightsleep.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/eight_sleep-ep454-sc] AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/ag1-ep454-sc] LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/lmnt-ep454-sc] BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/betterhelp-ep454-sc] Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/shopify-ep454-sc] NetSuite: Business management software. Go to http://netsuite.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/netsuite-ep454-sc] OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (09:47) – Why Trump won (14:48) – Book recommendations (18:24) – History of wokeism (25:54) – History of Scots-Irish (32:32) – Biden (36:34) – FDR (38:36) – George W Bush (40:59) – LBJ (46:15) – Cuban Missile Crisis (53:48) – Immigration (1:25:46) – DOGE (1:52:27) – MAGA ideology (1:55:39) – Bernie Sanders (2:04:00) – Obama vs Trump (2:21:00) – Nancy Pelosi (2:24:14) – Kamala Harris (2:40:00) – 2020 Election (3:03:49) – Sam Harris (3:14:55) – UFOs (3:20:47) – Future of the Republican Party (3:27:24) – Future of the Democratic Party (3:35:21) – Hope

Javier Milei is the President of Argentina. This episode is available in both English and Spanish. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep453-sc [https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep453-sc] See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/javier-milei-transcript [https://lexfridman.com/javier-milei-transcript] CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey [https://lexfridman.com/survey] AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama [https://lexfridman.com/ama] Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring [https://lexfridman.com/hiring] Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact [https://lexfridman.com/contact] EPISODE LINKS: Javier Milei’s X: https://x.com/JMilei [https://x.com/JMilei] Javier Milei’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/javiermilei [https://instagram.com/javiermilei] Javier Milei’s Facebook: https://facebook.com/JavierMileiEconomista [https://facebook.com/JavierMileiEconomista] SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Eight Sleep: Temp-controlled smart mattress. Go to https://eightsleep.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/eight_sleep-ep453-sc] NetSuite: Business management software. Go to http://netsuite.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/netsuite-ep453-sc] BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/betterhelp-ep453-sc] AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/ag1-ep453-sc] LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/lmnt-ep453-sc] OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (14:44) – Economic freedom (20:09) – Anarcho-capitalism (30:02) – Presidency and reforms (49:22) – Poverty (55:54) – Corruption (1:04:32) – Freedom (1:18:43) – Elon Musk (1:24:11) – DOGE (1:26:13) – Donald Trump (1:32:13) – US and Argentina relations (1:39:22) – Messi vs Maradona (1:48:16) – God (1:50:22) – Elvis and Rolling Stones (1:54:02) – Free market (2:01:03) – Loyalty (2:03:40) – Advice for young people (2:05:06) – Hope for Argentina PODCAST LINKS: – Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast [https://lexfridman.com/podcast] – Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr [https://apple.co/2lwqZIr] – Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 [https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8] – RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ [https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/] – Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4] – Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips [https://www.youtube.com/lexclips] SOCIAL LINKS: – X: https://x.com/lexfridman [https://x.com/lexfridman] – Instagram: https://instagram.com/lexfridman [https://instagram.com/lexfridman] – TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman [https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman] – LinkedIn: https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman [https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman] – Facebook: https://facebook.com/lexfridman [https://facebook.com/lexfridman] – Patreon: https://patreon.com/lexfridman [https://patreon.com/lexfridman] – Telegram: https://t.me/lexfridman [https://t.me/lexfridman] – Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman [https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman]