Sentencing

Crimes on Behalf of Animals

On this episode of Animal Amicus, hosts Senior Policy Program Manager Nicole Pallotta [https://aldf.org/person/nicole-pallotta/] and Managing Attorney David Rosengard [https://aldf.org/person/david-rosengard/] discuss the bearing witness movement, constitutional issues that can come up when advocates clash with the industry, “Good Samaritan” laws, Ag-Gag laws, and open rescues.    Resources referenced in this episode along with additional relevant articles are listed below:   * NPR [https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/08/26/491534419/animal-rights-activist-on-trial-in-canada-for-giving-water-to-pigs]: Animal Rights Activist on Trial in Canada for Giving Water to Pigs   * Animal Studies Journal [https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1339&context=asj]: Bodily Encounter, Bearing Witness and the Engaged Activism of the Global Save Movement by Alex Lockwood   * USDA National Agricultural Library [https://www.nal.usda.gov/animal-health-and-welfare/twenty-eight-hour-law#:~:text=If%20livestock%20are%20being%20transported,of%20Agriculture%20enforces%20the%20Law.]: Twenty-Eight Hour Law   * Animal Legal Defense Fund [https://aldf.org/case/defending-animal-activists-first-amendment-rights/]: Defending Animal Activists’ First Amendment Rights   * Animal Legal Defense Fund [https://aldf.org/article/animal-advocates-win-free-speech-case-judge-dismisses-meritless-trespassing-suit-intended-to-silence-critics/]: Animal Advocates Win Free Speech Case, Judge Dismisses Meritless Trespassing Suit Intended to Silence Critics   * Reporters Committee [https://www.rcfp.org/resources/anti-slapp-laws/]: Understanding Anti-SLAPP Laws   * Animal Legal & Historical Center [https://www.animallaw.info/content/maps-states-have-laws-protect-animals-parked-cars]: Maps of States that Have to Protect Animals in Parked Cars   * Animal Legal Defense Fund [https://aldf.org/article/oregon-becomes-11th-state-pass-good-samaritan-law-protect-dogs-left-hot-cars/]: Oregon Becomes 11th State to Pass “Good Samaritan Law” to Protect Dogs Left in Hot Cars by Nicole Pallotta   * Medium [https://medium.com/@harch/yes-i-broke-into-a-mercedes-with-my-car-jack-d825d33d000b]: Yes, I Broke into a Mercedes with My Car Jack by Shawna Harch   * GOV.UK [https://www.gov.uk/government/news/pet-abduction-to-be-made-new-criminal-offence-in-crackdown-on-pet-theft]: Pet Abduction to be Made New Criminal Offence in Crackdown on Pet Theft   * Time [https://time.com/5945294/dog-theft-covid-19-pandemic/]: Lady Gaga Got Her Dogs Back, but as Criminals Capitalize on the Demand for Pandemic Pups, Others Aren’t So Lucky by Melissa Chan   * Office of the Governor Doug Ducey [https://azgovernor.gov/governor/news/2021/04/governor-ducey-signs-matthews-law-protect-pets-families]: Governor Ducey Signs “Matthew’s Law” to Protect Pets, Families    * Animal Legal Defense Fund [https://aldf.org/issue/ag-gag/]: Ag-Gag Laws   * Seattle University Law Review [https://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2287&context=sulr]: Ag Gag Past, Present, and Future by Justin F. Marceau   * First Amendment Watch [https://firstamendmentwatch.org/deep-dive/ag-gag-laws-face-the-first-amendment/]: Ag-Gag Laws Face the First Amendment   * USDA Economic Research Service [https://www.ers.usda.gov/amber-waves/2008/november/market-failures-when-the-invisible-hand-gets-shaky/]: Market Failures: When the Invisible Hand Gets Shaky   * Animal Legal Defense Fund [https://aldf.org/case/challenging-judys-family-farm-organic-eggs-deceptive-advertising/]: Challenging Judy’s Family Farm Organic Eggs’ Deceptive Advertising   * Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-109publ374/html/PLAW-109publ374.htm]   * Center for Constitutional Rights [https://ccrjustice.org/home/get-involved/tools-resources/fact-sheets-and-faqs/animal-enterprise-terrorism-act-aeta]: The Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act (AETA)   * FindLaw [https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-3rd-circuit/1498665.html]: United States v. Fullmer, 584 F.3d 132, 164 (3d Cir. 2009)   * Case Western Reserve Law Review [https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/cwrlrv61&div=30&g_sent=1&casa_token=TxHarUyvR3QAAAAA:hgzJCl4KWt8WY8LKKN_Iqf7jYr6j9jgTq0rP01O1KAVHZeNkjkpyRG-ccXV3QHpHIKZtIBk&collection=journals]: United States v. Fullmer and the Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act: “True Threats” to Advocacy   * The Intercept [https://theintercept.com/2019/12/12/animal-people-documentary-shac-protest-terrorism/]: How the Prosecution of Animal Rights Activists as Terrorists Foretold Today’s Criminalization of Dissent by Natasha Lennard   * MSU Journal of Animal & Natural Resource Law [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2711395]: Justifying Force Against Animal Cruelty by Ross Campbell   * Spolin Law [https://www.spolinlaw.com/blog/2017/01/06/can-defense-of-others-apply-in-animal-abuse-cases/]: Can “Defense of Others” Apply in Animal Abuse Cases    * The Dodo [https://www.thedodo.com/open-rescue-how-upc-introduced-this-strategy-to-us-activists-1329234112.html]: Open Rescue: How UPC Introduced This Strategy to U.S. Activists by Karen Davis   * Unbound Project [https://unboundproject.org/patty-mark/]: Fierce and Fearless: Patty Mark’s Unique Approach to Animal Liberation by Keri Cronin   * United Poultry Concerns [https://www.upc-online.org/whatsnew/51104alfbook.htm]: Terrorists or Freedom Fighters? Reflections on the Liberation of Animals

Sentencing

On this episode of Animal Amicus, hosts Senior Policy Program Manager Nicole Pallotta [https://aldf.org/person/nicole-pallotta/] and Managing Attorney David Rosengard [https://aldf.org/person/david-rosengard/] discuss default sentencing options, diversion programs, restitution, protective orders, and restorative justice.      Resources referenced in this episode along with additional relevant articles are listed below:   * FindLaw [https://www.findlaw.com/criminal/criminal-law-basics/the-differences-between-a-criminal-case-and-a-civil-case.html]: The Differences Between a Criminal Case and a Civil Case   * The Law of the Land [https://sites.psu.edu/emberpassion/2020/01/30/the-o-j-simpson-trial-distinctions-between-criminal-and-civil-law/]: The O.J. Simpson Trial: Distinctions Between Criminal and Civil Law by Ember Milstead   * Sage Journals [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/073401680302800104?casa_token=RyKM9UmYztgAAAAA%3AtGncV-0pK1sXvm-nZ7JsFfN9JuFLmAcIuUHmxniRxJ108gV7Jf30PvDmvp7Cn-knu2dSNfjPHPk&]: The Goals of Corrections: Perspectives from the Line by Misty Kifer et al.    * Springer Link [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1022547213760]: Punishment Goals of Crime Victims by Uli Orth   * Animal Legal Defense Fund [https://aldf.org/article/animals-as-crime-victims-development-of-a-new-legal-status/]: Animals as Crime Victims: Development of a New Legal Status   * Animal Legal Defense Fund [https://aldf.org/article/victim-impact-statements-in-cases-of-animal-cruelty/#:~:text=A%20majority%20of%20states%20guarantee,injured%20or%20killed%20your%20animal.]: Victim Impact Statements in Cases of Animal Cruelty   * American Bar Association [https://www.americanbar.org/groups/public_education/programs/constitution_day/conversation-starters/cruel-and-unusual-punishment/]: Cruel & Unusual Punishment – Conversation Starter   * Cornell Law School [https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/sentencing]: Sentencing   * Vera [https://www.vera.org/diversion-programs-explained#:~:text=Pre%2Dcharge%20diversion%20programs%2C%20also,from%20the%20criminal%20legal%20system.]: Diversion Programs, Explained by Akhi Johnson and Mustafa Ali-Smith   * Verdugo [https://verdugopsych.com/mental-health-diversion-an-overview-of-the-legal-guidelines-and-requirements/#:~:text=Mental%20health%20diversion%20allows%20defendants,go%20to%20jail%20or%20prison.]: Mental Health Diversion: An Overview of the Legal Guidelines and Requirements by Emin Gharibian   * Animal Legal Defense Fund [https://aldf.org/project/court-ordered-psych-evaluation/]: Laws in Favor of Court-Ordered Psych Evaluations   * National Library of Medicine [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12108563/]: Animal Cruelty and Psychiatric Disorders by Roman Gleyzer et al.    * Animal Legal Defense Fund [https://aldf.org/project/post-conviction-possession-ban/]: Laws Supporting Post-Conviction Possession Bans

Bestiality

On this episode of Animal Amicus, hosts Senior Policy Program Manager Nicole Pallotta [https://aldf.org/person/nicole-pallotta/] and Managing Attorney David Rosengard discuss how the laws against bestiality have evolved throughout history, how bestiality is distinct from other animal cruelty laws, and recent court cases that have also tackled these questions.    Resources referenced in this episode along with additional relevant articles are listed below:   * Animal Legal & Historical Center [https://www.animallaw.info/topic/table-state-animal-sexual-assault-laws]: Table of State Animal Sexual Assault Laws   * North Carolina Law Review [https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1888&context=nclr]: The Law of Crime Against Nature by James R. Spence   * UNC School of Government [https://www.sog.unc.edu/blogs/nc-criminal-law/legal-status-bestiality]: The Legal Status of Bestiality by Jeffrey B. Welty   * MDPI [https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/12/12/1525]: Bestiality Law in the United States: Evolving Legislation with Scientific Limitations by Brian James Holoyda   * Animal Legal & Historical Center [https://www.animallaw.info/article/detailed-discussion-dog-fighting#id-13]: Detailed Discussion of Dog Fighting by Hanna Gibson   * Wiley Online Library [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/1097-4679%28194807%294%3A3%3C314%3A%3AAID-JCLP2270040322%3E3.0.CO%3B2-%23]: Sexual Behavior in the Human Male by A.C. Kinsey et al.   * The Physiological Society [https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1113/expphysiol.1954.sp001049]: Sexual Behaviour in the Human Female by A.C. Kinsey et al.   * Gender and Sexuality in Critical Animal Studies [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Gender_and_Sexuality_in_Critical_Animal/sEMjEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover] by Amber E. George   * Research Gate [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Brian-Holoyda/publication/269466852_Zoophilia_and_the_Law_Legal_Responses_to_a_Rare_Paraphilia/links/56cfdcfe08ae4d8d649fcc90/Zoophilia-and-the-Law-Legal-Responses-to-a-Rare-Paraphilia.pdf]: Zoophilia and the Law: Legal Responses to a Rare Paraphilia by Brian Holoyda and William Newman   * ZETA-VEREIN [https://www.zeta-verein.de/en/zoophilia/zeta-principles/]: ZETA Principles   * American Psychiatric Association [https://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Psychiatrists/Practice/DSM/APA_DSM-5-Paraphilic-Disorders.pdf]: Paraphilic Disorders   * Newsweek [https://www.newsweek.com/how-common-sex-between-different-species-monkey-and-deer-are-not-alone-751341]: How Common Is Sex Between Different Species? That Monkey and Deer Are Not Alone by Kristin Hugo   * Oyez [https://www.oyez.org/cases/2002/02-102]: Lawrence v. Texas, 539 US 558 (2003)   * Penn State Dickinson Law [https://ideas.dickinsonlaw.psu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1236&context=fac-works]: The Future of Justice Scalia’s Predictions of Family Law Doom by Robert E. Rains   * Animal Legal Defense Fund [https://aldf.org/article/virginia-court-of-appeals-upholds-bestiality-law/]: Virginia Court of Appeals Upholds Bestiality Law by Nicole Pallotta   * The University of the Pacific Law Review [https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1170&context=uoplawreview]: Chapter 86: Nevada Finally Outlaws Bestiality by Emily Malhiot   * Oyez [https://www.oyez.org/cases/2009/08-769]: United States v. Stevens, 559 US 460 (2010)   * The First Amendment Encyclopedia [https://www.mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/1585/miller-test]: Miller Test by David L. Hudson Jr.   * Oyez [https://www.oyez.org/cases/1981/81-55]: New York v. Ferber, 458 US 747 (1982)   * Animal Legal Defense Fund [https://aldf.org/article/fifth-circuit-rules-that-animal-crush-video-law-prohibits-obscenity-and-congress-has-significant-interest-in-preventing-animal-cruelty/]: Fifth Circuit Rules that Animal Crush Video Law Prohibits Obscenity and Congress Has Significant Interest in Preventing Animal Cruelty   * Animal Legal & Historical Center [https://www.animallaw.info/case/justice-v-state]: Justice v. the State of Texas, 532 S.W.3d 862 (Tex. App. 2017).   * Animal Welfare Institute [https://awionline.org/content/preventing-animal-cruelty-and-torture-pact-act]: Preventing Animal Cruelty and Torture (PACT) Act   * Preventing Animal Cruelty and Torture Act, H.R. 724, 116th Cong. (2019) [https://www.congress.gov/116/plaws/publ72/PLAW-116publ72.pdf]   * Animal Legal Defense Fund [https://aldf.org/article/what-to-do-if-you-witness-animal-cruelty-online/]: What to Do if You Witness Animal Cruelty Online

When Animals Aren’t

On this episode of Animal Amicus, hosts Senior Policy Program Manager Nicole Pallotta [https://aldf.org/person/nicole-pallotta/] and Managing Attorney David Rosengard [https://aldf.org/person/david-rosengard/] discuss how states define “animal,” the legal implications for animals categorized as wildlife, companion animal, livestock, scientific experiment, or “vermin,” and the resulting instability.    Resources referenced in this episode along with additional relevant articles are listed below:    * Animal Legal Defense Fund [https://aldf.org/article/animal-cruelty-charges-dropped-because-fish-are-not-animals-under-north-carolina-law/#:~:text=In%20April%202019%2C%20a%20North,home%20when%20he%20was%20evicted.]: Animal Cruelty Charges Dropped Because Fish Are Not “Animals” Under North Carolina Law by Nicole Pallotta   * Animal Legal & Historical Center [https://www.animallaw.info/statute/nc-cruelty-article-47-cruelty-animals]: North Carolina General Statutes § 14-360   * Hakai Magazine [https://hakaimagazine.com/features/fish-feel-pain-now-what/]: Fish Feel Pain. Now What? by Ferris Jabr   * Compassion in World Farming [https://www.ciwf.org.uk/media/7437870/why-fish-welfare-matters_the-evidence-for-fish-sentience_ciwf-2019.pdf]: Why Fish Welfare Matters: The Evidence for Fish Sentience   * Animal Legal & Historical Center [https://www.animallaw.info/statute/nm-cruelty-consolidated-cruelty-statutes#s1]: New Mexico Statutes Annotated § 30-18-1   * Animal Legal & Historical Center [https://www.animallaw.info/statute/ut-cruelty-consolidated-cruelty-statutes]: Utah Code Annotated § 76-9-301   * Animal Legal Defense Fund [https://aldf.org/article/friend-or-food-companion-pigs-challenge-legal-distinctions/]: Friend or Food? Companion Pigs Challenge Legal Distinctions by Nicole Pallotta   * Sports Illustrated Vault [https://vault.si.com/vault/1965/11/29/the-lost-pets-that-stray-to-the-labs]: The Lost Pets that Stray to the Labs by Coles Phinizy   * BARk [https://thebark.com/content/dog-who-sparked-animal-rights-movement]: The Dog Who Sparked an Animal Rights Movement by JoAnna Lou   * Animal Legal Defense Fund [https://aldf.org/focus_area/animals-used-in-research/]: Animals Used in Research   * Nebraska Law Review [https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nlr/vol95/iss1/6/]: The Animal Welfare Act at Fifty: Problems and Possibilities in Animal Testing Regulation by Courtney G. Lee   * Institute for Laboratory Animal Research [https://academic.oup.com/ilarjournal/article/57/3/285/3796586]: Gaps in US Animal Welfare for Laboratory Animals: Perspectives from an Animal Law Attorney by Pamela Frasch   * Animal Legal & Historical [https://www.animallaw.info/article/detailed-discussion-humane-methods-slaughter-act] Center: Detailed Discussion of the Humane Methods of Slaughter Act by Cynthia F. Hodges   * Vox [https://www.vox.com/22838160/animal-welfare-labels-meat-dairy-eggs-humane-humanewashing]: The “Humanewashing” of America’s Meat and Dairy, Explained by Jessica Scott-Reid   * National Library of Medicine [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6116027/]: Are They Buying It? United States Consumers’ Changing Attitudes toward More Humanely Raised Meat, Eggs, and Dairy   * Animal Welfare Institute [https://awionline.org/content/consumers-guide-food-labels-and-animal-welfare]: A Consumer’s Guide to Food Labels and Animal Welfare   * Animal Welfare Institute [https://awionline.org/sites/default/files/uploads/documents/FA-AWI-LegalProtections-AnimalsonFarms-110714.pdf]: Legal Protections for Animals on Farms   * Frontiers [https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.647841/full]: Nonhuman and Nonhuman-Human Communication: Some Issues and Questions   * Science in the News [https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2019/river-dolphins-surprisingly-large-vocabulary/]: River Dolphins Have a Surprisingly Large Vocabulary   * The Washington Post [https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2019/05/17/predator-hunting-contests-face-bans-amid-backlash-several-states/]: Coyote-killing Contests Face Growing Outrage, State Bans   * Outdoor Life [https://www.outdoorlife.com/conservation/bill-banning-wildlife-killing-contests/#:~:text=Congress%20has%20introduced%20legislation%20that,contests%20within%20the%20next%20year.]: Coyote Hunting Contests Would Be Banned on Federal Land if Congress Passes the Bill It Introduced This Week   * Animal Legal & Historical Center [https://www.animallaw.info/statute/tx-cruelty-consolidated-cruelty-statutes#s42.092]: Texas Penal Code § 42.092   * Animal Legal Defense Fund [https://aldf.org/case/fighting-to-bring-kristen-lindsey-to-justice/]: Fighting to Bring Kristen Lindsey to Justice   * American Veterinary Medical Association [https://www.avma.org/resources-tools/avma-policies/avma-guidelines-euthanasia-animals]: AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals   * Public News Service [https://www.publicnewsservice.org/2013-09-18/animal-welfare/lobster-and-crab-cruelty-in-maine/a34545-1]: Lobster and Crab Cruelty in Maine? by Mark Scheerer   * Animal Legal Defense Fund [https://aldf.org/article/switzerland-bans-practice-boiling-lobsters-alive-without-stunning-first/]: Switzerland Bans Practice of Boiling Lobsters Alive Without Stunning First by Nicole Pallotta

Animals are Not Things

On this episode of Animal Amicus, hosts Senior Policy Program Manager Nicole Pallotta [https://aldf.org/person/nicole-pallotta/] and Managing Attorney David Rosengard [https://aldf.org/person/david-rosengard/] discuss sentience, the legal status of nonhumans, the “Oregon trilogy” (State v. Nix, State v. Fessenden, and State v. Newcomb), and animal rights victories across the United States and globally.    Resources referenced in this episode along with additional relevant articles are listed below:    * Animal Legal Defense Fund [https://aldf.org/article/critical-caselaw-judicial-recognition-of-animal-sentience/]: Critical Caselaw: Judicial Recognition of Animal Sentience (webinar featuring Jamie Contreras & David Rosengard)   * Animal Legal Defense Fund [https://aldf.org/issue/animals-legal-status/]: Animals’ Legal Status   * Animal Legal Defense Fund [https://aldf.org/article/how-animals-are-treated-differently-from-other-types-of-property-under-the-law/]: How Animals Differ from Other Types of “Property” Under the Law   * Animal Legal & Historical Center [https://www.animallaw.info/case/state-v-nix-0]: State v. Nix , 334 P.3d 437 (2014), vacated, 356 Or. 768, 345 P.3d 416 (2015)   * Casetext [https://casetext.com/case/state-v-hess-94]: State of Oregon v. Hess, 273 Or. App. 26 (2015)   * Casetext [https://casetext.com/case/people-v-harris-2667]: People v. Harris, 405 P.3d 361, 2016 COA 159 (Colo. App. 2016)   * Animal Legal Defense Fund [https://aldf.org/article/charging-considerations-in-criminal-animal-abuse-cases/]: Charging Considerations in Criminal Animal Abuse Cases   * Oregon Live [https://www.oregonlive.com/pacific-northwest-news/2012/08/animals_can_be_victims_of_crim.html]: Animals Can Be Victims of Crime, Oregon Court of Appeals Says   * FBI [https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/-tracking-animal-cruelty]: Tracking Animal Cruelty: FBI Collecting Data on Crimes Against Animals   * FBI [https://ucr.fbi.gov/nibrs/2019]: 2019 National Incident Reporting System   * Animal Legal & Historical Center [https://www.animallaw.info/case/state-v-fessenden]: State of Oregon v. Fessenden, 310 P.3d 1163 (Or. App., 2013), review allowed, 354 Or. 597, 318 P.3d 749 (2013) and aff'd, 355 Or. 759 (2014)   * Animal Legal Defense Fund [https://aldf.org/article/two-great-legal-victories-for-animals-in-oregon/]: Two Great Legal Victories for Animals in Oregon   * Oregon Live [https://www.oregonlive.com/pacific-northwest-news/2014/08/oregon_supreme_court_rules_in.html]: Oregon Supreme Court Rules in Favor of Deputy Who Entered Private Property to Rescue Starving Horse   * Animal Legal & Historical Center [https://www.animallaw.info/case/state-v-newcomb#:~:text=The%20court%20dismissed%20this%20argument,defendant%20placed%20in%20Juno%20for]: State of Oregon v. Newcomb, 359 Or 756 (2016)   * Oregon Live [https://www.oregonlive.com/portland/2016/06/pets_arent_just_property_orego.html]: Pets not ‘mere’ property: Oregon Supreme Court upholds dog-starvation conviction   * FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin [https://leb.fbi.gov/articles/legal-digest/legal-digest-the-emergency-aid-exception-to-the-fourth-amendments-warrant-requirement]: The Emergency Aid Exception to the Fourth Amendment’s Warrant Requirement   * Animal Legal & Historical Center [https://www.animallaw.info/case/state-v-davidson]: State v. Davidson, Slip Copy, 2006 WL 763082 (Ohio App. 11 Dist.), 2006-Ohio-1458   * Animal Legal Defense Fund [https://aldf.org/article/34-horses-in-limbo-pre-trial-forfeiture/]: 34 Horses in Limbo: Pre-Trial Forfeiture   * Animal Legal Defense Fund [https://aldf.org/article/delhi-high-court-rules-that-community-dogs-have-the-right-to-food/]: Delhi High Court Rules that Community Dogs Have the Right to Food by Nicole Pallotta   * Animal Legal Defense Fund [https://aldf.org/article/islamabad-high-court-holds-that-animals-have-legal-rights/]: Islamabad High Court Holds that Animals Have Legal Rights by Nicole Pallotta