Women's Trousers

British Guyana

Britain had only one colony in mainland South America – a coastal state next to Venezuela that it grabbed from the Dutch more than 200 years ago. This was British Guyana. By the 1950s, Britain had had enough – and the plan was to hold elections so the Guyanese could take over. But then the man they elected said he was inspired by Soviet Russia. The story of Britain's long exit from Guyana takes in the CIA, MI5, rigged elections and a beautiful American whom JFK considered one of the most dangerous communists in the western hemisphere. Ros Taylor spoke to historian of Guyana Clem Seecheran [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clem_Seecharan], who is the author of Sweetening Bitter Sugar: Jock Campbell, the Booker Reformer in British Guiana 1934-1966, and Rod Westmaas of Guyana Speaks. You can hear Seecheran talking at more length at the National Archives [https://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/the-subversion-of-cheddi-jagan-the-cold-war-in-british-guiana-1953-64/]. Cheddi Jagan's life and work is archived at the Cheddi Jagan Research Centre [https://jagan.org/Archives/archives.html], which also includes declassified British documents [https://jagan.org/Links/The%20Suspension%20of%20the%20British%20Guiana%20Constitution%201953.pdf] relating to the suspension of the constitution in 1953, from which the readings in this episode were taken. This 1866 history of British Guyana [https://archive.org/details/illustratedhisto00benn/page/n23/mode/2up] is also interesting. I drew on the National Security Archive's account [https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/intelligence/2020-04-06/cia-covert-operations-overthrow-cheddi-jagan-british-guiana-1964] of the CIA's involvement in British Guyana and on MI5's in The Defence of the Realm: The Authorised History of MI5 by Christopher Andrew, You can see and hear Cheddi Jagan in the footage [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IluSFM9QH4E] from News Room Guyana. Thanks to Yvonne Singh [https://thehistorypress.co.uk/contributor/yvonne-singh/] for suggestions of whom to contact. Donate to More Jam Tomorrow at Ko-fi.com [https://ko-fi.com/morejamtomorrow]. Take our Series Five survey here [https://tally.so/r/pbVGgJ].

MI5

For decades the Security Service did not officially exist. Now it posts on Instagram. But what is MI5? How has it transformed itself since the second world war? And what kind of people work there? Ros Taylor speaks to former Guardian security editor Richard Norton-Taylor and a former legal director of MI5, David Bickford. Richard Norton-Taylor [https://www.declassifieduk.org/author/richard-norton-taylor/] is the former security editor of the Guardian and the author of several books including The State of Secrecy: Spies and the Media in Britain [https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/state-of-secrecy-9781350381933/], and David Bickford [https://davidbickford.co.uk/], a former legal director of MI5 and MI6 and thriller author – you can get his latest, Cold Protocol, for £5 using the code on his website. The standard history of MI5 is The Defence of the Realm: The Authorised History of MI5 by Christopher Andrew, which is very long and currently available cheaply on Kindle. Not everyone [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/oct/10/defence-of-the-realm-mi5] rated it. Stella Rimington published her autobiography Open Secret, and Eliza Manningham-Buller wrote Securing Freedom. I also drew on an article by H Dylan, The Intelligence Lobby Before the Intelligence Lobby: MI5 Director General Stella Rimington and the Hunt for the New Legitimacy [https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/ws/files/240345433/11_The_Intelligence_Lobby_Before_the_Intelligence_Lobby_-_Dylan.pdf], Rimington's 1994 Richard Dimbleby lecture [https://www.mi5.gov.uk/news/security-and-democracy-is-there-a-conflict] and MI5 director Ken McCallum's 2025 threat update [https://www.mi5.gov.uk/director-general-sir-ken-mccallum-gives-threat-update], The account of Anthony Blunt's confession [https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/explore-the-collection/the-collection-blog/confessions-from-the-cambridge-five/] can be found at the National Archives, as can the booklet on Observation [https://cdn.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/release-2025-01/kv1-76.pdf]. Margaret Thatcher's Commons statement [https://www.bbc.co.uk/videos/c7293le6drko] about Blunt, Tony Blair's response to the 7/7 bombings [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xHJL2bL1UgQ] and footage of the Bishopsgate IRA bombing [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cxXOcfEcdtc] are available online. The Imperial War Museum North's exhibition on spies [https://www.iwm.org.uk/events/spies-lies-and-deception-iwm-north] is on until August. Donate to More Jam Tomorrow at Ko-fi.com [https://ko-fi.com/morejamtomorrow].

Motorways

Dynamic, dreary – Britain has 2,300 miles of motorways, and the country would grind to a halt without these tarmac arteries. But they were part of a fast, futuristic post-war vision. Will we ever build another one? Ros Taylor talks to Chris Marshall, who runs roads.org.uk [http://roads.org.uk/], and the musician and comedy writer Jason Hazeley. You can find a special MJT motorway playlist on Spotify [https://open.spotify.com/playlist/10g5NfkmtqWXM316l9NJ8x?si=YoZQbIJiRKiWXyAx8iU4ww&nd=1&dlsi=c2e9748ac0df4330], compiled by Jason, Ros, producer David Turnbull and listeners. Readings are by David Turnbull . Ernest Davies, MP for Enfield, spoke about the need for motorways [https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1957-07-22/debates/e337a98f-2d21-4130-8b13-403e7188282c/RoadsProgramme] in 1957 and R Gresham Cooke (Twickenham) discussed speed limits [https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1958-07-29/debates/1aa57b06-e383-4362-b50e-cf8ee9248252/SpecialRoads] in 1958. I drew on Motorways (James Drake, H L Yeadon and D I Evans, Faber & Faber, 1969), On Roads (Joe Moran, Profile Books, 2009) and Always a Welcome - the glove compartment history of the motorway service area (David Lawrence, Between Books). The Motorway Archive [https://ukmotorwayarchive.ciht.org.uk/about-us/] contains a vast amount of detail. The National Express 'Elaine [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_IE4ynayeTM]' and Trusthouse Forte [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BIIUqELYhw4] ads are on YouTube. The BBC broadcast a documentary [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jcPpgiK4-T8] in 1969 on The Cost of Motorways. Egon Ronay's service station reviews are available here [https://motorwayservices.uk/Egon_Ronay]. Donate to More Jam Tomorrow at Ko-fi.com [https://ko-fi.com/morejamtomorrow].

Decimalisation

Britain was one of the last countries to go decimal – and had Margaret Thatcher not abolished the Metrication Board, we might have abandoned miles and pints too. Ros Taylor finds out how Britons were persuaded of the merits of getting rid of shillings and farthings, and why the revolution went unfinished. Mark Stocker [https://www.tepapa.govt.nz/about/te-papa-press/our-authors/mark-stocker] is an art historian who works with the Museum of New Zealand (Te Papa Tongarewa) and is the author of When Britain Went Decimal: The Coinage of 1971 [https://www.tepapa.govt.nz/about/te-papa-press/our-authors/mark-stocker]. Warwick Cairns is the author of About The Size of It: The Common Sense Approach to Measuring Things [https://www.panmacmillan.com/authors/warwick-cairns/about-the-size-of-it/9781447291473]. Seth Thévoz voiced a Commons speech [https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1970-02-19/debates/87d1f010-616a-4efb-b046-1fd14812ebcc/Decimalisation] by the MP for Horsham, Peter Hordern, in 1970. He also read an extract from a Guardian article by Anthony Burgess, Damned Dots (1966) which is not available online. Sir John Wrottesley's intervention in 1824 and the riposte can be read here [https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1824/feb/25/coinage-decimal-scale]. The BBC's Decimal Day 1971 [https://www.bbc.co.uk/articles/c7224g3gjm6o], Nationwide [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ykthWUdkhu0], ITV's Granny Gets the Point [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cqN-wkE4yTc], the Royal Mint history of decimalisation [https://www.royalmintmuseum.org.uk/journal/history/decimalisation/] and a Thames TV report [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-fHhfmGh0Q8] on metrication were useful sources. Max Bygraves' Decimalisation [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ncZihiuztvg] is on YouTube. Your Guide to Decimal Money [https://normandyhistorians.co.uk/hwc/nym/p2.html], circulated to all households, can be read online. A 1975 Conservative memo [https://archive.margaretthatcher.org/doc01/003BAAF7CC3A4B8B96E2AA582FDF0D05.pdf] discussing metrication is at the Margaret Thatcher Archive. I also drew on Andrew J Cook's PhD thesis, Britain's Other D-Day: The Politics of Decimalisation [https://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/35268/1/FINAL%20THESIS%20-%20COOK.pdf] (University of Huddersfield, 2020). The UK Metric Association [https://ukma.org.uk/] and Metrication UK [https://metrication.uk/] campaign to complete the metrication revolution.

Women's Trousers

"Ask a man whether women should wear slacks and the answer is almost certain to be a firm 'No.'" How did women get to wear the trousers? Ros Taylor talks to fashion expert Belinda Naylor and Purna Sen, who wore trousers to her sixth form in 1978 – and was thrown out. Belinda Naylor is a producer with an MA in fashion curation. Her Instagram, where you can find some of her favourite women in trousers, is @fashion_chatter [https://www.instagram.com/fashion_chatter/]. Purna Sen [https://www.bristol.ac.uk/alumni/our-alumni/honorary-degrees/honorary-graduates/2022/dr-purna-sen/] is the former head of human rights at the Commonwealth Secretariat and a visiting professor at London Metropolitan University. The extract from the Manchester Guardian [https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2016/aug/22/womens-slacks-new-fashion-archive-1952] in 1952 is voiced by Seth Thévoz. The clip [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KW6QEZN7XaA] from The Seven Year Itch starring Marilyn Monroe is available on YouTube. Man Alive: The Office Christmas Party [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OxAzCyCY7Ms] (1970) is also on YouTube. In 2002 the Guardian explained [https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/jul/04/schools.education1] why schools could still choose whether to impose skirts. I also drew on Amy Gower's doctoral thesis, Schoolgirls, identity and agency in England: 1970-2004 [https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/113101/1/Gower_Thesis.pdf], University of Reading, 2021. Lego [https://www.toypro.com/gb/news/806/lego-history-the-minifigure] has pictures of its early minifigures.