Vaccine Breakthroughs

Credits

The Innovation Trail Audio Guide is a production of The Innovation Trail of Greater Boston, a grassroots nonprofit based in Boston. To learn more about the Trail, visit theinnovationtrail.org [https://www.theinnovationtrail.org/]. If you enjoyed this audio guide, please consider making a donation to The Innovation Trail to help support our outreach initiatives — especially to schools in the Boston area. The co-founders of the Innovation Trail are Scott Kirsner and Bob Krim. The executive director is Anna Dunbar. The narrator for the audio guide is Carmichael Roberts, founder and managing partner at the Boston-based venture capital firm Material Impact. Wade Roush wrote and produced the guide, with editing from Scott Kirsner. The music is from Titlecard Music and Sound. The guide was created with help from a grant from MeetBoston, a visitor services organization promoting tourism, meetings, and conventions in Boston and Cambridge. Special thanks to: Bob Krim Ron Robinson Shervone Neckles Luci Marzola Jim Utterback Gavin Kleespies Jazz Dottin Rosalyn Elder Charlotte Gray John Herman Sarah Alger Tim Rowe Bill Aulet John Durant Tali Sasson Rich Miner Debbie Douglas Namrata Sengupta Ruth Lehmann Phillip Sharp Walter Gilbert Tom Leighton Julia Austin Peter Kachmar Noubar Afeyan Victor McElheny Susan Benjamin

The Last Candy Factory

810 Main Street, Cambridge  In the early 20th century, this stretch of Main Street and nearby Massachusetts Avenue was home to so many candy companies that the neighborhood was affectionately known as Confectioner's Row; the factories employed thousands of people and filled the air with a chocolatey aroma. The big white building at 810 Main Street is the last relic of that era. It houses a subsidiary of Tootsie Roll Industries known as Cambridge Brands, maker of beloved candies such as Junior Mints and Charleston Chews. Look for a mural across the street from 810 Main, toward Toscanini's Ice Cream and Central Square, that tells the story of candy manufacturing in Cambridge. If you are starting the tour at this stop, please refer to our website [https://www.theinnovationtrail.org/] for Google Maps that can help guide you from place to place.  Guest speaker Susan Benjamin, Founder, True Treats Candy, Harper's Ferry, WV; author, Sweet as Sin: The Unwrapped Story of How Candy Became America's Favorite Pleasure (2016)

Instant Photos

700 Main Street, Cambridge This is one of the most storied sites in Cambridge's industrial history—a nexus for advances in everything from railroad car manufacturing to telephony to photography to biotechnology. Our audio guide focuses on just one of 700 Main Street's tenants, Edwin Land and his company Polaroid. Working in this building in the 1940s, Land and other engineers and scientists at Polaroid figured out how to, in essence, build an entire darkroom's worth of chemistry into a multilayered photographic medium. The first black-and-white Polaroid instant camera went on sale in 1948 and was a massive success, ultimately leading to a color version in 1972. For decades, Polaroid was one of the dominant employers in Cambridge, only to decline into bankruptcy after the development of competing technologies such as one-hour film processing, videotape camcorders, and digital cameras. During business hours Mon-Fri, the LabCentral lobby at the back of the building is open to the public and includes a display about the building's history. When facing the building, walk down the sidewalk on the left side. Restrooms are also available. Guest speaker Victor McElheny, Founding Director, MIT Knight Science Journalism Fellowship Program; author, Insisting on the Impossible: The Life of Edwin Land (1998)

Vaccine Breakthroughs

200 Technology Square, Cambridge  While Moderna gained fame as one of the pharmaceutical companies that created mRNA vaccines against the COVID-19 virus in 2020, it has actually been working on mRNA therapies for a variety of health problems since 2010. The basic idea behind all of the company's treatments is to use messenger RNA to carry coding sequences into human cells, where the cells' own machinery follows the code to build the desired therapeutic antibodies or other proteins. The pandemic gave Moderna the opportunity to test this approach in tens thousands of test subjects and then make billions of FDA-approved vaccine doses, vastly accelerating the company's programs. "We never anticipated this kind of an exponential increase in the possibilities," says Noubar Afeyan, Moderna's co-founder and chairman. Guest speaker Noubar Afeyan, Founder and CEO, Flagship Pioneering; Co-founder and Chairman, Moderna Pharmaceuticals

Getting to the Moon

555 Technology Square, Cambridge Charles Stark Draper founded the Aeronautical Instrumentation Laboratory at MIT in 1932, and in 1973 the lab was spun out independent nonprofit under Draper's name. For eight decades, it has played a pivotal role in the development of guidance and control systems for aircraft, spacecraft, and missiles—but its most famous exploit by far was the creation of the Apollo guidance system that helped American astronauts fly to the moon in the 1960s and 1970s. A giant model of the moon hanging in the company's atrium commemorates the 50th anniversary of that accomplishment. Guest speaker Peter Kachmar, Systems Engineer, Draper Laboratory