The Last Caliph: How Turkey Abolished the Caliphate in 1924

How the Turkish War of Independence Ended Ottoman Rule

Lucas and Luna explore the final chapter of the Ottoman Empire through the Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923). After the Armistice of Mudros left the empire vulnerable, Mustafa Kemal Paşa organized a resistance that fought Greek, Armenian, French, and British forces. Key events include the Sivas Congress, the Battle of Sakarya, and the Great Offensive. The episode examines how the Grand National Assembly in Ankara challenged the sultan's government in Istanbul, leading to the abolition of the sultanate in 1922 and the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923. Figures like İsmet İnönü, Fevzi Çakmak, and Halide Edib Adıvar play crucial roles. The conversation highlights the strategic use of railways, the role of women in the resistance, and the ideological shift from Ottomanism to Turkish nationalism. #TurkishWarOfIndependence #MustafaKemalAtaturk #TreatyOfLausanne #Sakarya #SivasCongress #ErzurumCongress #MisakiMilli #KuvaYiMilliye #GrandNationalAssembly #İsmetİnönü #FevziÇakmak #HalideEdibAdıvar #BattleOfDumlupınar #GreatOffensive #WarOfIndependenceTurkey #OttomanEmpire #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

How the Palestine Front Became the Ottoman Empire's Last Stand

In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the often-overlooked Palestine front of World War I, where the Ottoman Empire made its final military stand. They discuss the leadership of Cemal Paşa, the role of German advisors like Otto Liman von Sanders, the strategic blunder of the first and second Gaza battles, and the decisive British capture of Jerusalem in December 1917. The conversation also covers the impact of the Arab Revolt, the use of aircraft and gas, and the eventual collapse at the Battle of Megiddo (Armageddon). Lucas and Luna examine how the loss of Palestine shattered Ottoman prestige and set the stage for the empire's end. #OttomanEmpire #WorldWarI #PalestineFront #CemalPasa #LimanVonSanders #GazaBattles #Jerusalem1917 #ArabRevolt #Megiddo #Armageddon #TELehQudus #MiddleEast #WWIHistory #FexingoHistory #OttomanCollapse #SinaiCampaign #EdmundAllenby #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

How Arab Revolt Broke the Ottoman Empire

Long before the armistice at Mudros, the Ottoman Empire was already unraveling from within. This episode explores the Arab Revolt of 1916—a rebellion backed by British guns and gold, led by Sharif Hussein of Mecca, and fueled by promises of an independent Arab kingdom. We trace how the revolt fractured the empire's legitimacy as caliphate, cut the Hejaz Railway, and tied down Ottoman divisions. Key figures include T.E. Lawrence, Fahreddin Pasha who defended Medina until 1919, and the elusive Emir Faisal. We discuss the secret Sykes-Picot Agreement that contradicted British promises, the role of the Hashemites, and how the revolt's legacy still shapes Middle Eastern borders today. No rehash of Mudros or Lausanne—just the desert war that doomed Istanbul's hold on the Arab provinces. #ArabRevolt #SharifHussein #TE Lawrence #FahreddinPasha #HejazRailway #MedinaSiege #SykesPicot #EmirFaisal #OttomanEmpire #WWI #MiddleEastHistory #FexingoHistory #Hashemites #Aqaba #OttomanArabRelations #Caliphate #1916 #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

The Last Ottoman Influenza: How the 1918 Flu Pandemic Finished an Empire

In the autumn of 1918, as the Great War staggered to a close, a silent killer swept through the Ottoman Empire with devastating speed. The Spanish flu, arriving via military transports and returning pilgrims, struck a population already exhausted by years of war, blockade, and famine. In Istanbul, the Sublime Porte ground to a halt as officials fell sick and hospitals overflowed. Death carts rumbled through the streets of Üsküdar and Beyoğlu. The pandemic didn't just kill soldiers and civilians — it paralyzed the government during the critical weeks before the Mudros Armistice. This episode traces the path of the virus through the empire, from the barracks of the Çanakkale front to the palaces of the sultan. We examine how the Hilal-i Ahmer (Red Crescent) and the Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa responded, and why the flu remains one of the least-told stories of the empire's collapse. Featuring accounts from Dr. Tevfik Salim (later Turkey's first health minister), the quarantine station at Kavak, and the forgotten dead of the 1918 pandemic. #1918FluPandemic #SpanishFlu #OttomanEmpire #Istanbul #Hilal-iAhmer #RedCrescent #TevfikSalim #MudrosArmistice #Çanakkale #PandemicHistory #WWI #PublicHealth #Quarantine #Kavak #Üsküdar #Beyoğlu #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

The Ottoman Spy Who Tricked the British in WWI

In 1915, a single Ottoman intelligence officer infiltrated British-held Cairo, fed false plans to General Maxwell's staff, and almost changed the course of the war. This episode follows the shadow war of Major Mehmed Rüşdü of Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa—the Special Organization—who posed as a defector, walked into enemy headquarters, and convinced the British that the Ottomans were about to invade Egypt via the Sinai. His deception forced Britain to keep tens of thousands of troops idle in Egypt while the real Ottoman army struck elsewhere. We explore the high-risk tradecraft, the near-success, and why Rüşdü's name is almost forgotten today. Also: how the British finally caught on, and what happened to Rüşdü after the war. #OttomanEmpire #TeşkilatıMahsusa #WWI #Espionage #MehmedRüşdü #Sinai #Cairo #BritishIntelligence #SirJohnMaxwell #Gallipoli #MiddleEast #History #FexingoHistory #IntelligenceHistory #Deception #OttomanSpy #WWIMiddleEast #ForgottenHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]