Machines that fail us

In this episode, we deal with the impacts of generative AI on art and aestethics, looking at how the rise and commercial success of tools such as Dall-E, Midjourney, and Sora have raised profound questions in the art world, and especially when it comes to visual arts. AI is reshaping how art is created, experienced, and valued. In this episode, we explore the opportunities and challenges artists face in collaborating with algorithmic tools, the ethical and creative questions emerging from machine-generated content, and the implications for authorship, originality, and cultural production. On one hand, we’ll focus on how artists can, and already do, use generative AI tools, exploring the results of these collaborations so far and examining how they differ from other historical moments when technology intersected with art. On the other hand, we’ll address ongoing debates in this field, starting with AI errors and the outcomes often referred to as “hallucinations,” and moving on to more systemic issues such as copyright, labor, and the flood of AI-generated images online, commonly known as “AI slop.” Finally, we’ll try to imagine how humans and machines might coexist in the future and consider, through art, what life with these creative machines could look like. In this episode of Machines That Fail Us, we discuss these issues with Valentina Tanni, an art historian and curator studying the relationship between art and technology, with particular attention to web cultures. She is currently at John Cabot University in Rome, Italy. In the past, she has also taught at La Sapienza University of Rome, the Polytechnic University of Milan, and NABA – New Academy of Fine Arts in Rome and Milan. She is the author of several books in this area: Memestetica. Il settembre eterno dell’arte (Nero, 2020); Exit Reality. Vaporwave, backrooms, weirdcore e altri paesaggi oltre la soglia (Nero, 2023); and her latest, Conversazioni con la macchina. Il dialogo dell’arte con le intelligenze artificiali (Tlon, 2025), which explicitly deals with the impact of generative AI on artistic practices. Her books have been translated into several languages and are distributed internationally.

In this episode, we delve into the global push to regulate artificial intelligence, as governments around the world are faced with the challenge to respond to its social and ethical challenges. With a focus on Latin America, Brazil in particular, we discuss how regulators are confronting the risks posed by deepfakes, online misogyny, and copyright violations, among other issues. AI regulation is rapidly becoming a global priority, as policymakers confront the ethical, legal, and societal consequences of increasingly powerful technologies. From misinformation to algorithmic discrimination, the risks posed by AI systems are no longer hypothetical; they are already influencing public discourse and challenging existing legal frameworks. In this episode, we turn our attention to Latin America, with a particular focus on Brazil, to understand how the region is responding to these challenges. These issues are not only technical but deeply social, intersecting with questions of gender, race, and power in digital spaces, and reminding us just how central and consequential AI "errors" can be. The debate currently unfolding in Brazil offers a lens into the broader struggle faced by many countries: how to assert digital sovereignty and protect their populations while keeping pace with a rapidly evolving technological landscape. In particular, we’ll examine how regulation must address some of the most insidious uses and misuses of AI, especially those connected to online misogyny. In this episode of Machines That Fail Us, we dive into this issue with Prof. Mariana Valente, who serves as an assistant professor at the Law School of the University of St. Gallen and is also a director and board member at Brazil’s InternetLab. Valente is a Brazilian lawyer and scholar, her work centers on the intersection of human rights and technology. Over the past decade, she has been actively engaged in research, writing, public speaking, and teaching on gender inequality in digital spaces, with a particular emphasis on online gender-based violence (OGBV) and the corresponding legal frameworks, policy responses, and law enforcement practices.

The training and coding of AI systems, particularly generative ones, depend on the work of humans teaching machines how to think. This work includes content moderation and labeling, is often conducted under exploitative conditions in the Global South, and remains hidden from users' view. In this episode, we discuss these issues with Adio Dinika, a Research Fellow at the Distributed AI Research Institute (DAIR), where he investigates the invisible labor behind AI systems and how it reflects the various inequalities within the AI industry. We often perceive AI tools as entirely artificial, if not almost magical. In reality, the effectiveness and reliability of these systems depend significantly on the labor of humans who ensure that generative AI tools, for example, produce responses that are moderated and free from harmful or toxic content. High-quality training data is essential for building a high-performing large language model, and this data is made up of precisely labeled datasets—a task still carried out by human workers. However, this work is predominantly performed by people in the Global South, often under exploitative and unhealthy conditions, and remains largely invisible to end-users worldwide. The roles of these invisible workers, along with the challenges they face, represent some of the most visible signs of inequality within the AI and tech supply chain, yet they remain little discussed. In this episode of Machines That Fail Us, we dive into this issue with Adio Dinika, a Research Fellow at the Distributed AI Research Institute (DAIR), an international research center focused on the social implications of AI, founded by Timnit Gebru. Together with Dr. Dinika, we explore the hidden human labor behind AI systems and the real, human nature of artificial intelligence.

How is artificial intelligence being used for disinformation purposes? How effective can it be in influencing our reality and political choices? We discuss the rise of synthetic media with Craig Silverman, a reporter for ProPublica who covers voting, platforms, disinformation, and online manipulation, and one of the world’s leading experts on online disinformation. In the first season of Machines That Fail Us, our focus was to explore a fundamental question: what do AI errors reveal about their societal impact and our future with artificial intelligence? Through engaging discussions with global experts from journalism, activism, entrepreneurship, and academia, we examined how AI and its shortcomings are already influencing various sectors of society. Alongside analyzing present challenges, we envisioned strategies for creating more equitable and effective AI systems. As artificial intelligence becomes increasingly integrated into our lives, we decided to expand these conversations in the new season, delving into additional areas where machine learning, generative AI, and their societal effects are making a significant mark. This season begins by examining AI's role in the spread of misinformation, disinformation, and the ways generative AI has been used to orchestrate influence campaigns. Are we unknowingly falling victim to machine-generated falsehoods? With 2024 being a record year for global elections, we will explore the extent to which AI-driven disinformation has shaped democratic processes. Has it truly had an impact, and if so, how? In this episode, we are joined by Craig Silverman, an award-winning journalist, author, and one of the foremost authorities on online disinformation, fake news, and digital investigations. Currently reporting for ProPublica, Craig specializes in topics such as voting, disinformation, online manipulation, and the role of digital platforms.

The AI we have built so far comes with many different shortcomings and concerns. At the same time, the AI tools we have today are the product of specific technological cultures and business decisions. Could we just do AI differently? For the final episode of “Machines That Fail Us”, we are joined by a leading expert on the intersection of emerging technology, policy, and rights. With Frederike Kaltheuner, founder of the consulting firm new possible and a Senior Advisor to the AI NOW institute, we discussed the shape of future AI and of our life with it.