Yehoshua 4: She Sells Sea Stones by the Sea Shore

Shoftim 1: It was Fun While it Lasted

“Rav Adda, son of Rabbi Ḥanina, said: Had Israel not sinned in earlier times they would have been given the five books of the Torah and the book of Joshua alone. They needed the book of Joshua because it includes the arrangement of Eretz Yisrael.” (Nedarim 22b). אָמַר רַב אַדָּא בַּר רַבִּי חֲנִינָא אִלְמָלֵא חָטְאוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל לֹא נִתְּנוּ לָהֶם אֶלָּא חֲמִשָּׁה חֻמְשֵׁי תּוֹרָה וְסֵפֶר יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בִּלְבַד מִפְּנֵי שֶׁיֵּשׁ בּוֹ סֵדֶר אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל From the moment that Moshe stepped up to confront Pharaoh in Egypt, the Israelites have had two leaders—Moshe and Joshua. Moshe brought the nascent nation out of Egypt. He shepherded a nation of slaves into the people of Israel. Seamlessly, he transferred his leadership to Joshua. The people knew Joshua from early on. He was the hero of the early battle with Amalek. He was on Mount Sinai with Moshe. He confronted the spies. He protected Moshe’s reputation against Eldad and Medad. He may have been Moshe’s successor, but he was with Moshe and the people the whole way. When Joshua died, though, there was no one to take over for him. Now things begin to splinter. A cycle begins wherein the people misbehave, God gets angry and punishes them by bringing in a local nation to harass them. The people repent and cry out to God. God sends a Judge to save the people. The people are peaceful for a little while, but then the cycle begins again. Wash, rinse, repeat. The Gemara in Nedarim implies that the story was meant to end with the death of Joshua. Once the great leaders of the Exodus ushered the people into the Promised Land and divided it accordingly, God’s promise to Avraham, Yitzchak, and Yaacov would be complete. The people would live in the land peacefully. But that’s not what happened. The people sinned with the Golden Calf and the spies and continued to sin. Because the story was meant to end, there was no third leader waiting in the wings. But what about Calev? Calev’s story is repeated here from Joshua. Calev was the last surviving person from the wilderness. Like Moshe and Joshua, he was known to the people. But the Calev story is repeated here because it shows that Calev was not a leader of the whole people. Calev was a leader of the tribe of Yehudah. He acted in the self interest of that tribe, as he was supposed to do. After Joshua, there did not need to be a leader of everyone. Each tribe should have acted as they needed to in their land. Unfortunately, that plan did not work out. Instead of the story ending with chapter 24 of Joshua, the book of Judges begins.

Yehoshua Chapter 24: Joseph's Final Resting Place

The last chapter of Joshua contains Joshua’s review of the Israelites from Abraham until that point. At the end of the chapter, Joshua and Elazar pass away. In between, the Navi mentions that they buried Joseph’s sarcophagus in Shchem. “And the bones of Joseph, which the Israelites brought up from Egypt, were buried at Shechem…” וְאֶת־עַצְמוֹת יוֹסֵף אֲשֶׁר הֶעֱלוּ בְנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵל מִמִּצְרַיִם קָבְרוּ בִשְׁכֶם (Joshua 24:32). This presents an obvious question- why is Joseph’s burial mentioned now at the end of Joshua’s life? Back at the end of Genesis, Joseph makes his brothers swear to bury him in Israel: “Joseph said to his brothers, ‘I am about to die. God will surely take notice of you and bring you up from this land to the land that He promised on oath to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob’” (Genesis 50:24). וַיֹּאמֶר יוֹסֵף אֶל־אֶחָיו אָנֹכִי מֵת וֵאלֹהִים פָּקֹד יִפְקֹד אֶתְכֶם וְהֶעֱלָה אֶתְכֶם מִן־הָאָרֶץ הַזֹּאת אֶל־הָאָרֶץ אֲשֶׁר נִשְׁבַּע לְאַבְרָהָם לְיִצְחָק וּלְיַעֲקֹב (Genesis 50:24) We later see that Moshe brings Joseph’s bones when they leave Egypt. “And Moses took with him the bones of Joseph, who had exacted an oath from the children of Israel…” (Exodus 13:19). וַיִּקַּח מֹשֶׁה אֶת־עַצְמוֹת יוֹסֵף עִמּוֹ כִּי־הַשְׁבֵּעַ הִשְׁבִּיעַ אֶת־בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל It seems like Joseph’s bones are an important part of the story, however, the next mention of Joseph’s bones is in this chapter. Why did the people wait until after Joshua’s death to bury Joseph? To answer this question will take a little more detective work back in Genesis. The verse right before Joseph instructs his brother’s to make sure that he is buried in Egypt, we learn how long Joseph lived in Egypt after Yaacov’s death in an oddly worded pasuk: “Joseph saw the third generation of Ephrayim and also the sons of Machir the son of Menashe were born on his knees.” (Genesis 50:23) Why does the pasuk use two different ways to describe Yosef living to see great great great grandchildren? The Pasuk could have read “Yosef saw the third generation of Ephrayim and Menashe” or “Yosef saw the sons of Machir ben Menashe and the sons of Ephrayim”. This question is compounded by the fact that we learn in Exodus “that a new king arose over Egypt who did not know Joseph” (Exodus 1:8). Right after this, Moshe is born. We know from chapter 6 of Exodus that Moshe is part of the third generation of Levi (Exodus 6:16–20). וְאֵלֶּה שְׁמוֹת בְּנֵי־לֵוִי… וּבְנֵי קְהָת עַמְרָם… וַיִּקַּח עַמְרָם אֶת־יוֹכֶבֶד דֹּדָתוֹ לוֹ לְאִשָּׁה וַתֵּלֶד לוֹ אֶת־אַהֲרֹן וְאֶת־מֹשֶׁה. How could Joseph have lived to see the third generation after Ephrayim if the third generation is the period that coincides with Moshe’s birth and the verse that states that Pharaoh did not know Yosef. If Yosef truly live that long then Pharaoh would have had to know him! The answer lies in the double language of Genesis. The use of “the children of Machir son of Manasseh were likewise born upon Joseph’s knees” in the second part of the pasuk indicates that Joseph saw the sons of Machir being born. The use of “and he saw” in the first part conveys something different. Perhaps Joseph did not literally see the third generation of Ephrayim. Instead, Joseph saw a vision of the third generation. The most prominent member of this third generation after Ephrayim is Joshua. I Chronicles 7:26–27 “Laadan his son, Ammihud his son, Elishama his son, Nun his son, Joshua his son.” לַעְדָּן בְּנוֹ עַמִּיהוּד בְּנוֹ אֱלִישָׁמָע בְּנוֹ נוּן בְּנוֹ יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בְּנוֹ. This compounded by the fact that it is only after Joseph sees in his vision that Joshua, a descendant of Ephrayim, will bring the people into Eretz Yisrael (in verse 23 of Genesis 50) that he tells his brothers that Hashem will take them out of Egypt and bring them to Eretz Yisrael in verse 24. By mentioning Joseph’s burial here, the Navi links the end of Genesis with the end of Joshua. These two stories are the bookends of the Exodus story.

Yehoshua Chapter 23: It's So Hard to Say Goodbye

Chapters 23 and 24 of Yehoshua contain two farewell addresses by Yehoshua. In chapter 31 of Deuteronomy, Moshe gives his final address to the people. In it, he includes a fatalistic message from God. When the people enter the land they will disobey me, they will worship other gods, and they will be punished. In Yehoshua’s chapter 23 address, he tries to break this fate set up by Moshe. He warns the people not to worship idols. They must resist the temptations of the people around them. God will help them remove the people, but the ones that remain will be a snare and a test. Resist the trap. Chapter 24 has a different goodbye message. In chapter 24, Joshua reviews the history of the Israelites starting from Terach. Why does Yehoshua start with Terach? Moshe never started his reviews of the history of the Israelites that far back. The answer to that may also answer the question if the farewell addresses in chapters 23 an 24 are linked or not. “Then Joshua said to all the people, ‘Thus said the LORD, the God of Israel: In olden times, your forefathers—Terach, father of Abraham and father of Nahor—lived beyond the Euphrates and worshiped other gods/But I took Abraham from beyond the Euphrates and led him through the whole land of Canaan and multiplied his offspring. I gave him Isaac, and to Isaac I gave Jacob and Esau. I gave Esau the hill country of Seir as his possession, while Jacob and his children went down to Egypt” (וַיֹּאמֶר יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אֶל־כָּל־הָעָם כֹּה־אָמַר ה׳ אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּעֵבֶר הַנָּהָר יָשְׁבוּ אֲבוֹתֵיכֶם מֵעוֹלָם תֶּרַח אֲבִי אַבְרָהָם וַאֲבִי נָחוֹר וַיַּעַבְדוּ אֱלֹהִים אֲחֵרִים׃ וָאֶקַּח אֶת־אֲבִיכֶם אֶת־אַבְרָהָם מֵעֵבֶר הַנָּהָר וָאוֹלֵךְ אֹתוֹ בְּכָל־אֶרֶץ כְּנָעַן וָאַרְבֶּה אֶת־זַרְעוֹ וָאֶתֵּן לוֹ אֶת־יִצְחָק׃ וָאֶתֵּן לְיִצְחָק אֶת־יַעֲקֹב וְאֶת־עֵשָׂו וָאֶתֵּן לְעֵשָׂו אֶת־הַר שֵׂעִיר לָרֶשֶׁת אוֹתוֹ וְיַעֲקֹב וּבָנָיו יָרְדוּ מִצְרָיִם) (24:1-3). Avraham grew up surrounded by idols. His father worshipped them, and yet he was not tempted. God was able to take Avraham away from the life of idol worship. All three of the forefathers lived in the land of Canaan surrounded by idol worshipers. Jacob also had to deal with Esav. All the forefathers and foremothers were able to continue to follow God despite these temptations of living in Canaan. Between these two chapters, Joshua tries two different ways to warn the people. Chapter 23 is direct and experiential. Do not be tempted. It is the real life answer to Moshe’s hypothetical in Devarim. Yeshoshua is on the ground and reporting on what he sees. In contrast, Chapter 24 is historical. Your forefathers were in the same position as you are right now. They were able to follow God despite the idol worship around them. You should be able to do the same.

Yehoshua Chapter 22: Rebels

Joshua gives permission to the two and a half trans-Jordan tribes to return to their land. They kept their promise to assist in the conquest of the land. Now they can go back to their lands. But immediately something goes wrong. They build a large altar on the Jordan river. The tribes in Canaan are quite upset. It seems like these tribes are creating their own tabernacle. A few centuries later, in the book of Kings, Yerovam will break with the tribe of Yehudah creating the northern kingdom. Yerovam will be concerned that the northern tribes will return to the south because of the Temple. To avoid this problem, he builds new religious centers on the border with the southern kingdom and in the north, including new altars. The Western tribes’ concern is not far off. They gather their forces for a possible attack- the first inter-tribal war. But, they do give the eastern tribes the benefit of the doubt and send a special delegation. The delegation is headed by Pinchas, the son of Elazar and ten leaders one from each tribe. There are two questions with this delegation. First, why do they send Pinchas? Shouldn’t Yehoshua have gone? Next, if two and a half tribes are across the river- who are the ten tribes represented in the delegation? Pinchas was known for his zealous attack in defense of God during the sin of Baal Peor. He was also the kohen assigned to accompany the army into battle. Appointing Pinchas to lead the delegation sends a message that the in Canaan tribes are ready to fight and protect God. The delegation also references the sin of Baal Peor, so having Pinchas there was especially symbolic both as the hero of that story, and, again, as a message that Pinchas is willing to fight to save God’s reputation. The ten tribal chieftains could have broken down in two ways. The first is that the ten included delegates from Levi with three tribes represented in the trans-Jordan (Reuven, Gad and half of Manashe). That would mean Menashe was not included likely sitting out an inter-tribal fight. Having Levi involved would have further increased the importance of the issue. The other possibility is that Manashe actually was included in the ten. This could mean that half the tribe was for and half the tribe was against the altar or that Manashe was not part of the decision to build the altar. Half of Manashe is referenced throughout the chapter except for the very last verse where they are conspicuously absent: “The Reubenites and the Gadites named the altar [“Witness”], meaning, “It is a witness between us and them that the LORD is [our] God” (וַיִּקְרְאוּ בְנֵי־רְאוּבֵן וּבְנֵי־גָד לַמִּזְבֵּחַ כִּי עֵד הוּא בֵּינֹתֵינוּ כִּי ה׳ הָאֱלֹהִים) (verse 34). Perhaps this verse shows that the motivation for building the altar only came from these two tribes, and not from Manashe. Manashe was included in earlier in the chapter simply because they lived in the trans-Jordan. Ultimately, crisis is averted as the trans-Jordan tribes clarify the intention of building the altar.

Yehoshua Chapter 21: Symbiosis

Now it is time for the Leviim to get their promised lands. The chapter begins with the Leviim approaching Joshua and Elazar the Kohen Gadol, but Joshua and Elazar are not the ones who give out the cities at all. In fact, it seems like there is a contradiction. “So the Israelites, in accordance with the LORD’s command, assigned to the Levites, out of their own portions, the following towns with their pastures” (וַיִּתְּנוּ בְנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵל לַלְוִיִּם מִנַּחֲלָתָם אֶל־פִּי ה׳ אֶת־הֶעָרִים הָאֵלֶּה וְאֶת־מִגְרְשֵׁיהֶן) (verse 3). Verse 3 seems to indicate that the individual tribes gave over the cities. But the next verse says there was a lottery: “The [first] lot among the Levites fell to the Kohathite clans” (וַיֵּצֵא הַגּוֹרָל לְמִשְׁפְּחֹת הַקְּהָתִי) (verse 4). Which is it- Yehoshua and Elazar, the tribes, or a lottery? Most likely this was a three step process. The first step was back in Deuteronomy when Moshe promised that the Leviim and kohanim would be entitled to cities scattered throughout the land. The purpose of this scattering was to make sure that representatives of the temple/Mishkan were spread throughout the land and not just concentrated in one area. It also allowed the priestly class to focus on their temple service and teaching torah without having to defend of handle whole territories. This was the initial ask to Yehoshua and Elazar- to begin the process to fulfill the promise of Moshe. The Leviim being scattered among the tribes was also a way to make sure that the priestly class was always reliant on the various tribes around them. At the same time, each tribe- through the laws of Teruma and Maaser, were responsible for supporting the priestly class. That brings up step two. Each tribe was given the task of donating a certain number of cities to the Leviim. This way, the tribes had a direct interest in this process, and these were not simply cities mandated by God. Then, once these cities were “donated” to the lottery, Joshua initiated the lottery to determine which families would live in which city. The lottery also left out the possibility of favoritism or bribing that could happen if each tribe could both donate the priestly city and choose its inhabitants.