How a US Naval Officer Opened the Closed Nation of Japan

Dutch Subversion, British Aggression, and the First US Ambassador

The Dutch began their colony 400 years ago, but it would not last long. While other imperial powers accumulated colonies, the Dutch found power through a different method, and it was one that would greatly assist the new country of America. The incidental arrival of one statesman ensured the United States received what it needed, while also establishing a first for the nation. Recommended reading: Papers of John Adams: Volume 13 - May to October 1782 Cited sources: Date of recognition - https://history.state.gov/countries/netherlands#:~:text=Dutch%20Recognition%20of%20U.S.%20Independence,Adams%20on%20April%2019%2C%201782 [https://history.state.gov/countries/netherlands#:~:text=Dutch%20Recognition%20of%20U.S.%20Independence,Adams%20on%20April%2019%2C%201782]. Brief on Adams - https://nl.usembassy.gov/embassy-consulate/the-hague/history/ [https://nl.usembassy.gov/embassy-consulate/the-hague/history/] Adams and Dutch - https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/john-adams-was-united-states-first-ambassador-well-its-second-president-180962891/ [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/john-adams-was-united-states-first-ambassador-well-its-second-president-180962891/] Dutch colony - https://www.nps.gov/mava/learn/historyculture/new-netherland.htm#:~:text=The%20first%2031%20families%20arrived,Amsterdam%E2%80%9D%20began%20to%20be%20formed [https://www.nps.gov/mava/learn/historyculture/new-netherland.htm#:~:text=The%20first%2031%20families%20arrived,Amsterdam%E2%80%9D%20began%20to%20be%20formed]. Adams revisits Netherlands 1786 - https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/06-18-02-0228 [https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/06-18-02-0228]  The Adams in Dutch Republic - https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/en/dutch-american-stories-johnny-goes-dutch [https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/en/dutch-american-stories-johnny-goes-dutch] Adams Hague info - https://www.masshist.org/publications/adams-papers/index.php/view/ADMS-01-03-01-0005 [https://www.masshist.org/publications/adams-papers/index.php/view/ADMS-01-03-01-0005] Early Dutch - https://academic.oup.com/book/11024/chapter-abstract/159364830?redirectedFrom=fulltext [https://academic.oup.com/book/11024/chapter-abstract/159364830?redirectedFrom=fulltext] Amsterdam finance capital - https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/financial-history-review/article/abs/amsterdam-and-london-as-financial-centers-in-the-eighteenth-century1/8B23F8D271B1BCD05594064523600E85 [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/financial-history-review/article/abs/amsterdam-and-london-as-financial-centers-in-the-eighteenth-century1/8B23F8D271B1BCD05594064523600E85] Dutch in the Am Revolution - https://blog.dar.org/dutch-influence#:~:text=On%20May%2017%2C%20Adams%20secured,million%20guilders%2C%20or%20%2412%20million [https://blog.dar.org/dutch-influence#:~:text=On%20May%2017%2C%20Adams%20secured,million%20guilders%2C%20or%20%2412%20million]. Dutch in the Am Rev - https://www.amrevmuseum.org/the-netherlands-and-the-american-revolution [https://www.amrevmuseum.org/the-netherlands-and-the-american-revolution] 80 Years War - https://historischmuseumdenbriel.nl/en/collection/stories/eighty-years-war/ [https://historischmuseumdenbriel.nl/en/collection/stories/eighty-years-war/] Dutch Republic map - https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/dutch-navy-of-the-seventeenth-and-eighteenth-centuries/map-of-the-dutch-republic/623E8313B8AC2DF0C9D67841F2775B7F [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/dutch-navy-of-the-seventeenth-and-eighteenth-centuries/map-of-the-dutch-republic/623E8313B8AC2DF0C9D67841F2775B7F] New Amsterdam surrender - https://www.mcny.org/petrus-stuyvesant [https://www.mcny.org/petrus-stuyvesant] Richard Nicoll - https://history.nycourts.gov/figure/richard-nicoll/ [https://history.nycourts.gov/figure/richard-nicoll/] Adams diplomacy - https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/adams-diplomatic-missions/ [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/adams-diplomatic-missions/] Treaty of Alliance - https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/treaty-of-alliance-with-france#:~:text=According%20to%20this%20first%20military,behalf%20of%20the%20American%20Colonies [https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/treaty-of-alliance-with-france#:~:text=According%20to%20this%20first%20military,behalf%20of%20the%20American%20Colonies]. Adams influence - https://www.mass.gov/guides/john-adams-architect-of-american-government [https://www.mass.gov/guides/john-adams-architect-of-american-government] Charles Gravier - https://www.battlefields.org/learn/biographies/charles-gravier [https://www.battlefields.org/learn/biographies/charles-gravier] Adams appointed Dutch minister - https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/06-10-02-0258 [https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/06-10-02-0258] Proposed Treaty of Amity and Commerce - https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/06-10-02-0260 [https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/06-10-02-0260]

A Physicist, Telephotography, and the Advent of Television

As Alexander Graham Bell’s company continues to grow, its research and development division continues to draw scientists from around the country to innovate and invent. One young optical physicist has an idea that will transform the way the world communicates. A high-profile American is selected to demonstrate history altering technology. Recommended reading: The Columbia History of American Television by Gary R. Edgerton Cited sources: Phone patent - https://guides.loc.gov/chronicling-america-telephone-invention [https://guides.loc.gov/chronicling-america-telephone-invention]  Phone patent - https://www.marquette.edu/news-center/2020/marquette-professor-settles-144-year-controversy-on-invention-of-the-telephone.php [https://www.marquette.edu/news-center/2020/marquette-professor-settles-144-year-controversy-on-invention-of-the-telephone.php] Phone patent image - https://www.docsteach.org/activities/teacher/patent-analysis-alexander-graham-bells-telephone [https://www.docsteach.org/activities/teacher/patent-analysis-alexander-graham-bells-telephone]  Patent SCOTUS - https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/128/315/ [https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/128/315/] Centennial Exhibition - https://collaborativehistory.gse.upenn.edu/stories/history-making-event-west-philadelphia [https://collaborativehistory.gse.upenn.edu/stories/history-making-event-west-philadelphia] Herbert Ives - https://www.bairdtelevision.com/Ives.html [https://www.bairdtelevision.com/Ives.html] Herbert Ives - http://waywiser.rc.fas.harvard.edu/people/9098/herbert-eugene-ives;jsessionid=77D7B248F7CA3DB32C275AA48BCF3219 [http://waywiser.rc.fas.harvard.edu/people/9098/herbert-eugene-ives;jsessionid=77D7B248F7CA3DB32C275AA48BCF3219] Ives bio - https://www.optica.org/history/biographies/bios/herbert-e--ives/ [https://www.optica.org/history/biographies/bios/herbert-e--ives/]  Bell Labs - https://www.nature.com/articles/s42254-022-00426-6 [https://www.nature.com/articles/s42254-022-00426-6] Bell Labs - http://www.stat.columbia.edu/~gelman/research/published/bell.pdf [http://www.stat.columbia.edu/~gelman/research/published/bell.pdf]  TV History - https://www.cs.cornell.edu/~pjs54/Teaching/AutomaticLifestyle-S02/Projects/Vlku/history.html [https://www.cs.cornell.edu/~pjs54/Teaching/AutomaticLifestyle-S02/Projects/Vlku/history.html] TV demo - https://www.poynter.org/reporting-editing/2015/today-in-media-history-in-1927-newspapers-introduced-television/ [https://www.poynter.org/reporting-editing/2015/today-in-media-history-in-1927-newspapers-introduced-television/] TV demo - https://www.nytimes.com/1964/10/22/hoover-made-speech-on-television-in-1927.html [https://www.nytimes.com/1964/10/22/hoover-made-speech-on-television-in-1927.html] TV demo - https://www.edn.com/hoover-joins-1st-american-demo-of-long-distance-tv-april-7-1927/ [https://www.edn.com/hoover-joins-1st-american-demo-of-long-distance-tv-april-7-1927/] TV demo - https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?entryid=3986 [https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?entryid=3986]  Hoover as comm sec - https://library.doc.gov/digital-exhibits/hoover-digital-exhibit/aviation [https://library.doc.gov/digital-exhibits/hoover-digital-exhibit/aviation] Air Commerce Act - https://www.faa.gov/sites/faa.gov/files/about/history/people/First_AGC1.pdf [https://www.faa.gov/sites/faa.gov/files/about/history/people/First_AGC1.pdf] ATT History - https://www.pbs.org/transistor/background1/corgs/att.html [https://www.pbs.org/transistor/background1/corgs/att.html] Halftone - https://gallery.lib.umn.edu/exhibits/show/pre-separated-art/press-halftone [https://gallery.lib.umn.edu/exhibits/show/pre-separated-art/press-halftone] Ives Airplane Photography book - https://www.gutenberg.org/files/53508/53508-h/53508-h.htm [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/53508/53508-h/53508-h.htm] Western Electric history - https://www.westernelectric.com/company-history [https://www.westernelectric.com/company-history] Telephotography example - https://www.amazon.com/HistoricalFindings-Photo-Herbert-telephotograph-Explain/dp/B0844RWFZ3 [https://www.amazon.com/HistoricalFindings-Photo-Herbert-telephotograph-Explain/dp/B0844RWFZ3]

How a US Naval Officer Opened the Closed Nation of Japan

Immediately after the Revolution, America makes its first trade agreement in Asia with China. Attempting to do the same with the closed country of Japan looks to be impossible. A timely opportunity and the right naval officer enables America to do what no other western power could. Recommended reading: Narrative of the Expedition to the China Seas and Japan by Commodore Matthew Perry Cited sources: Opening Japan - https://history.state.gov/milestones/1830-1860/opening-to-japan#:~:text=The%20Japanese%20grudgingly%20agreed%20to,American%20ships%3A%20Shimoda%20and%20Hakodate [https://history.state.gov/milestones/1830-1860/opening-to-japan#:~:text=The%20Japanese%20grudgingly%20agreed%20to,American%20ships%3A%20Shimoda%20and%20Hakodate]. Opening Japan - https://www.jstor.org/stable/30209385 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/30209385] Sakoku - http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/tokugawa_edicts_foreigners.pdf [http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/tokugawa_edicts_foreigners.pdf] Sakoku - https://users.wfu.edu/watts/w03_Japancl.html [https://users.wfu.edu/watts/w03_Japancl.html]  Christianity in Japan - https://www.historytoday.com/archive/feature/christianitys-bloody-history-japan [https://www.historytoday.com/archive/feature/christianitys-bloody-history-japan]  Christianity in Japan - https://www.nippon.com/en/japan-data/h00597/a-timeline-of-christianity-in-japan.html [https://www.nippon.com/en/japan-data/h00597/a-timeline-of-christianity-in-japan.html]  Trade with China - https://china.usembassy-china.org.cn/history-of-the-u-s-and-china/ [https://china.usembassy-china.org.cn/history-of-the-u-s-and-china/] Perry bio - https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/research-guides/z-files/zb-files/zb-files-p/perry-matthew-c.html [https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/research-guides/z-files/zb-files/zb-files-p/perry-matthew-c.html] Perry bio - https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/museums/nmusn/education/educational-resources/to-the-ends-of-the-earth/commodore-perry-and-japan/biography--matthew-calbraith-perry.html [https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/museums/nmusn/education/educational-resources/to-the-ends-of-the-earth/commodore-perry-and-japan/biography--matthew-calbraith-perry.html] Perry bio - https://library.brown.edu/cds/perry/people_Perry.html [https://library.brown.edu/cds/perry/people_Perry.html] Hideyoshi - https://www.worldhistory.org/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi/ [https://www.worldhistory.org/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi/] Warring States - https://www.worldhistory.org/Sengoku_Period/ [https://www.worldhistory.org/Sengoku_Period/] David Conner - https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/our-collections/photography/us-people/c/conner-david.html [https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/our-collections/photography/us-people/c/conner-david.html] Mail ships - https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1939/september/navy-and-first-u-s-ocean-mail-ships [https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1939/september/navy-and-first-u-s-ocean-mail-ships] John Aulick - https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/aulick-john-h-ca-1791-1873/ [https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/aulick-john-h-ca-1791-1873/] Webster quote and other islands - https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1952/march/commodore-perry-and-bonin-islands [https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1952/march/commodore-perry-and-bonin-islands] Treaty of Kanagawa - https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured-documents/treaty-of-kanagawa#:~:text=On%20March%2031%2C%201854%2C%20the,forbidding%20commerce%20with%20foreign%20nations [https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured-documents/treaty-of-kanagawa#:~:text=On%20March%2031%2C%201854%2C%20the,forbidding%20commerce%20with%20foreign%20nations]

How Political Infighting Produced the Bill of Rights and a Controversial Map

Differing political philosophies instigated the American Revolution, but after defeating the British, new, yet familiar philosophies butted heads. As Federalists and Antifederalists faced off in literary and verbal spars, a most important Founding Father switched sides. The ongoing political conflicts would soon result in one of the most controversial and enduring political maneuvers in American history. Recommended reading: Gerrymandering in America: The House of Representatives, the Supreme Court, and the Future of Popular Sovereignty by Cambridge University Press.  Cartoon - ⁠https://www.si.edu/object/cartoon-gerry-mander-1813%3Anmah_509530⁠ [https://www.si.edu/object/cartoon-gerry-mander-1813%3Anmah_509530] Brief history - ⁠https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/gerrymandering-explained?ceid=%7B%7BContactsEmailID%7D%7D&emci=946d3453-90d5-ed11-8e8b-00224832eb73&emdi=ea000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000001&utm_medium=PANTHEON_STRIPPED⁠ [https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/gerrymandering-explained?ceid=%7B%7BContactsEmailID%7D%7D&emci=946d3453-90d5-ed11-8e8b-00224832eb73&emdi=ea000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000001&utm_medium=PANTHEON_STRIPPED] Elbridge Gerry - ⁠https://prologue.blogs.archives.gov/2018/06/21/the-gerry-in-gerrymandering/⁠ [https://prologue.blogs.archives.gov/2018/06/21/the-gerry-in-gerrymandering/] Gerry bio - ⁠https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2006/spring/gerry.html⁠ [https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2006/spring/gerry.html]  Short Gerry bio - ⁠https://www.nga.org/governor/elbridge-gerry/⁠ [https://www.nga.org/governor/elbridge-gerry/]  First gerrymander - ⁠https://www.jstor.org/stable/23546676?read-now=1&seq=5#page_scan_tab_contents⁠ [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23546676?read-now=1&seq=5#page_scan_tab_contents] Redistricting reform act - ⁠https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/2670⁠ [https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/2670] Madison timeline - ⁠https://www.loc.gov/collections/james-madison-papers/articles-and-essays/james-madison-timeline-1751-to-1836/1784-to-1807/⁠ [https://www.loc.gov/collections/james-madison-papers/articles-and-essays/james-madison-timeline-1751-to-1836/1784-to-1807/] Washington gallows quote - ⁠https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/political-writings-of-george-washington/to-joseph-reed-president-of-the-supreme-executive-council-of-pennsylvania-december-12-1778-excerpt/07E587064BF8A503DB32AD985D1F8BAA⁠ [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/political-writings-of-george-washington/to-joseph-reed-president-of-the-supreme-executive-council-of-pennsylvania-december-12-1778-excerpt/07E587064BF8A503DB32AD985D1F8BAA] Brutus - ⁠https://constitutioncenter.org/the-constitution/historic-document-library/detail/brutus-essay-no-1#:~:text=%E2%80%9CBrutus%E2%80%9D%20was%20the%20pseudonym%20for,a%20New%20York%20state%20judge⁠ [https://constitutioncenter.org/the-constitution/historic-document-library/detail/brutus-essay-no-1#:~:text=%E2%80%9CBrutus%E2%80%9D%20was%20the%20pseudonym%20for,a%20New%20York%20state%20judge].  Antifederalist essays - ⁠https://history.nycourts.gov/about_period/antifederalist-papers/⁠ [https://history.nycourts.gov/about_period/antifederalist-papers/]  89-79 vote on pg 5 (785) - ⁠https://www.jstor.org/stable/23546676?read-now=1&seq=5⁠ [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23546676?read-now=1&seq=5] New York Convention - ⁠https://archive.csac.history.wisc.edu/ny_ratifies_the_constitution.pdf⁠ [https://archive.csac.history.wisc.edu/ny_ratifies_the_constitution.pdf] Bill of Rights - ⁠https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/bill-of-rights/how-did-it-happen#:~:text=Introducing%20the%20Bill%20of%20Rights%20in%20the%20First%20Congress&text=But%20James%20Madison%2C%20once%20the,relentlessly%E2%80%9D%20to%20secure%20its%20passage⁠ [https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/bill-of-rights/how-did-it-happen#:~:text=Introducing%20the%20Bill%20of%20Rights%20in%20the%20First%20Congress&text=But%20James%20Madison%2C%20once%20the,relentlessly%E2%80%9D%20to%20secure%20its%20passage].  Signers of Const - ⁠https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-constitution/#:~:text=On%20September%2017%2C%201787%2C%2039,slavery%20and%20the%20slave%20trade⁠ [https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-constitution/#:~:text=On%20September%2017%2C%201787%2C%2039,slavery%20and%20the%20slave%20trade]. Unanimous rejection - ⁠https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/creating-the-united-states/demand-for-a-bill-of-rights.html#:~:text=In%20the%20final%20days%20of%20the%20Constitutional%20Convention%2C%20as%20delegates,little%20debate%2C%20the%20proposal%20was⁠ [https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/creating-the-united-states/demand-for-a-bill-of-rights.html#:~:text=In%20the%20final%20days%20of%20the%20Constitutional%20Convention%2C%20as%20delegates,little%20debate%2C%20the%20proposal%20was]  Mass 187-167 - ⁠https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2006/spring/gerry.html⁠ [https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2006/spring/gerry.html] Madison first election - ⁠https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Madison/01-11-02-0219⁠ [https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Madison/01-11-02-0219]  Madison to antifederalist voter - ⁠https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Madison/01-11-02-0297⁠ [https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Madison/01-11-02-0297] Federalist resurgence - ⁠https://www.jstor.org/stable/24768844?read-now=1&seq=2#page_scan_tab_contents⁠ [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24768844?read-now=1&seq=2#page_scan_tab_contents] Gerrymander - ⁠https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2017/02/elbridge-gerry-and-the-monstrous-gerrymander/⁠ [https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2017/02/elbridge-gerry-and-the-monstrous-gerrymander/] Patrick Henry short - ⁠https://www.lva.virginia.gov/exhibits/political/patrick_henry.htm⁠ [https://www.lva.virginia.gov/exhibits/political/patrick_henry.htm] Virginia ratifying convention - ⁠https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/oc/stc/entries/virginia-ratifying-convention-journal-june-25-1788#:~:text=This%20broadside%20published%20Virginia's%20decision,of%20America%20to%20do%20so⁠ [https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/oc/stc/entries/virginia-ratifying-convention-journal-june-25-1788#:~:text=This%20broadside%20published%20Virginia's%20decision,of%20America%20to%20do%20so]. Madison as Secretary - ⁠https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/madison-james⁠ [https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/madison-james]

A Legendary Constable Solves a Perfectly Executed Bank Heist

On a Monday morning in 1831, it is discovered that approximately $245,000 is missing from the City Bank of New York. In a city without a police force, a Manhattan constable takes on a brilliantly executed bank heist conducted by professional thieves who escaped from Australia’s penal colony. Recommended reading: The Irresistible Invitation of High Constable Jacob Hays by Patrick Bringley Most info - https://books.google.com/books?id=M_0-AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA85&lpg=PA85&dq=1831+city+bank+of+new+york+robbery&source=bl&ots=SZj-BeYLq9&sig=ACfU3U0Q1UKvPZOmCGWRfi694hV3UGR0_g&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjm3dT57eyEAxWbOkQIHU_-D2Q4FBDoAXoECAMQAw#v=onepage&q=1831%20city%20bank%20of%20new%20york%20robbery&f=false [https://books.google.com/books?id=M_0-AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA85&lpg=PA85&dq=1831+city+bank+of+new+york+robbery&source=bl&ots=SZj-BeYLq9&sig=ACfU3U0Q1UKvPZOmCGWRfi694hV3UGR0_g&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjm3dT57eyEAxWbOkQIHU_-D2Q4FBDoAXoECAMQAw#v=onepage&q=1831%20city%20bank%20of%20new%20york%20robbery&f=false] Good info - https://books.google.com/books?id=Ta9LDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT29&lpg=PT29&dq=1831+city+bank+of+new+york+robbery&source=bl&ots=Im5GjHMCl7&sig=ACfU3U123EMNQLWzlzMCJCyNBrmpYjlL7w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjRxvWv5-yEAxW7IEQIHchLDIA4FBDoAXoECAIQAw#v=onepage&q=1831%20city%20bank%20of%20new%20york%20robbery&f=false [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ta9LDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT29&lpg=PT29&dq=1831+city+bank+of+new+york+robbery&source=bl&ots=Im5GjHMCl7&sig=ACfU3U123EMNQLWzlzMCJCyNBrmpYjlL7w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjRxvWv5-yEAxW7IEQIHchLDIA4FBDoAXoECAIQAw#v=onepage&q=1831%20city%20bank%20of%20new%20york%20robbery&f=false] First robbery - https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/fast_facts/1830_fast_facts.html [https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/fast_facts/1830_fast_facts.html] Robbery Info - https://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/2013/03/first-bank-robbery-in-united-states/ [https://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/2013/03/first-bank-robbery-in-united-states/] Robbery info - https://books.google.com/books?id=ytwsCgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Edward+Smith%22+%22City+Bank%22&pg=PA14#v=onepage&q=%22Edward%20Smith%22%20%22City%20Bank%22&f=false [https://books.google.com/books?id=ytwsCgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Edward+Smith%22+%22City+Bank%22&pg=PA14#v=onepage&q=%22Edward%20Smith%22%20%22City%20Bank%22&f=false] Jacob Hays - https://www.nyc.gov/site/nypd/news/f0517/old-hays-his-descendants-legacy-the-last-high-constable-new-york-city#/0 [https://www.nyc.gov/site/nypd/news/f0517/old-hays-his-descendants-legacy-the-last-high-constable-new-york-city#/0] NY’s first real detective - https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1932/04/23/old-hays [https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1932/04/23/old-hays] Detective method - https://www.nyjournalofbooks.com/book-review/new-yorkers-31-remarkable-people [https://www.nyjournalofbooks.com/book-review/new-yorkers-31-remarkable-people] Hays bio - https://loebjewishportraits.com/biography/jacob-hays-2/ [https://loebjewishportraits.com/biography/jacob-hays-2/] Hays bio - http://famousamericans.net/jacobhays/ [http://famousamericans.net/jacobhays/] First Fleet - https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/first-fleet-sets-sail-australia/ [https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/first-fleet-sets-sail-australia/]