When a Woman was Pope

When Ireland Had a Pirate Queen

Dive into the wild world of 16th‑century Ireland, where a fierce mother‑captain named Grace O'Malley defied kings, gave birth on a ship, and fought off pirates the next day—proving that history’s fiercest rebels can also be moms. Sources: Chambers, Anne. Granuaile: Grace O'Malley — Ireland's Pirate Queen c. 1530–1603. Gill Books. Wikipedia: Grace O'Malley — https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_O'Malley [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_O'Malley] Royal Museums Greenwich: Grace O'Malley — https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/grace-o-malley-irish-female-pirate [https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/grace-o-malley-irish-female-pirate] Royal Museums Greenwich: Grace O'Malley, fact and fiction — https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/maritime-history/grace-o-malley-pirate-history-fact-fiction-legend [https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/maritime-history/grace-o-malley-pirate-history-fact-fiction-legend] IrishCentral: The incredible life of Grace O'Malley — https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/grace-omalley-irelands-pirate-queen [https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/grace-omalley-irelands-pirate-queen] The Irish Post: 12 fascinating facts about Ireland's Pirate Queen — https://www.irishpost.com/gallery/irelands-pirate-queen-twelve-fascinating-facts-about-legendary-grace-omalley-129406 [https://www.irishpost.com/gallery/irelands-pirate-queen-twelve-fascinating-facts-about-legendary-grace-omalley-129406] Howth Castle: Legends — https://howthcastle.ie/about/history/legends/ [https://howthcastle.ie/about/history/legends/] History Guild: Meeting Grace O'Malley — https://historyguild.org/meeting-grace-omalley-irelands-pirate-queen/ [https://historyguild.org/meeting-grace-omalley-irelands-pirate-queen/] EBSCO Research Starters: Grace O'Malley — https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/biography/grace-omalley [https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/biography/grace-omalley] Encyclopedia.com [http://Encyclopedia.com]: O'Malley, Grace — https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/omalley-grace [https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/omalley-grace] The National Archives (UK): State Papers SP 63/170 — Grace O'Malley's "Articles of Interrogatory," 1593 Lost at Sea Shanty by legacyAlli Link: https://freemusicarchive.org/music/legacyalli/sound-phrases/rf-lost-at-sea-shanty/ [https://freemusicarchive.org/music/legacyalli/sound-phrases/rf-lost-at-sea-shanty/] License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/]

When America Tried to Conquer Canada and Failed Spectacularly

In 1812, the United States declared war on Britain and immediately set its sights on conquering Canada. American leaders were so confident that Thomas Jefferson claimed taking Canada would be "a mere matter of marching." What followed was one of the most embarrassing military disasters in American history: three separate invasions, all ending in failure, surrender, and humiliation. From a general who surrendered an entire fort without firing a shot to militia who refused to cross the border, this is the story of ambition meeting reality in the most spectacular way possible. Sources: USS Constitution Museum: War of 1812 Overview (https://ussconstitutionmuseum.org/major-events/war-of-1812-overview/ [https://ussconstitutionmuseum.org/major-events/war-of-1812-overview/]) History.com [http://History.com]: How U.S. Forces Failed to Conquer Canada (https://www.history.com/articles/how-u-s-forces-failed-to-conquer-canada-200-years-ago [https://www.history.com/articles/how-u-s-forces-failed-to-conquer-canada-200-years-ago]) Wikipedia: Siege of Detroit (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Detroit [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Detroit]) National Park Service: Surrender of Detroit (https://www.nps.gov/articles/surrender-of-detroit.htm [https://www.nps.gov/articles/surrender-of-detroit.htm]) The Canadian Encyclopedia: Capture of Detroit (https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/capture-of-detroit-war-of-1812 [https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/capture-of-detroit-war-of-1812]) Wikipedia: Battle of Queenston Heights (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Queenston_Heights [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Queenston_Heights]) American Battlefield Trust: Queenston Heights Battle Facts (https://www.battlefields.org/learn/war-1812/battles/battle-queenston-heights [https://www.battlefields.org/learn/war-1812/battles/battle-queenston-heights]) Wikipedia: Battle of Lake Erie (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Erie [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Erie]) American Battlefield Trust: Lake Erie Battle Facts (https://www.battlefields.org/learn/war-1812/battles/battle-lake-erie [https://www.battlefields.org/learn/war-1812/battles/battle-lake-erie]) Wikipedia: Battle of York (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_York [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_York]) The Canadian Encyclopedia: War of 1812 (https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/war-of-1812 [https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/war-of-1812]) Lost at Sea Shanty by legacyAlli Link: https://freemusicarchive.org/music/legacyalli/sound-phrases/rf-lost-at-sea-shanty/ [https://freemusicarchive.org/music/legacyalli/sound-phrases/rf-lost-at-sea-shanty/] License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/]

When Laughing Was Contagious

In this episode, we explore the Tanganyika Laughter Epidemic, a bizarre outbreak that affected a small village in East Africa. The epidemic lasted for 18 months and primarily affected adolescent girls and young women in schools. The psychological explanation, social context, and historical impact of the epidemic are discussed in detail. Sources: Wikipedia: Tanganyika laughter epidemic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanganyika_laughter_epidemic [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanganyika_laughter_epidemic]) Atlas Obscura: The 1962 Laughter Epidemic of Tanganyika Was No Joke (https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/1962-laughter-epidemic-tanganyika [https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/1962-laughter-epidemic-tanganyika]) Rankin, A.M. & Philip, P.J. (1963): An epidemic of laughing in the Bukoba district of Tanganyika. Central African Journal of Medicine - Hempelmann, Christian F. (2009): The laughter of the 1962 Tanganyika 'laughter epidemic'. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research Wikipedia: Mass psychogenic illness (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_psychogenic_illness [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_psychogenic_illness]) Chicago Tribune: Examining 1962's 'laughter epidemic' (https://www.chicagotribune.com/2003/07/29/examining-1962s-laughter-epidemic/ [https://www.chicagotribune.com/2003/07/29/examining-1962s-laughter-epidemic/]) History.com [http://History.com]: 7 Mysterious Mass Illnesses That Defied Explanation (https://www.history.com/articles/mysterious-illnesses-mass-hysteria [https://www.history.com/articles/mysterious-illnesses-mass-hysteria]) Lost at Sea Shanty by legacyAlli Link: https://freemusicarchive.org/music/legacyalli/sound-phrases/rf-lost-at-sea-shanty/ [https://freemusicarchive.org/music/legacyalli/sound-phrases/rf-lost-at-sea-shanty/] License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/]

When Sports Were Crazy

What if sports could get you sacrificed, dragged to death by horses, or killed by a king's splintered lance? In this episode, we count down ten of the craziest sports ever played. These weren't just games. Sources: Wikipedia: Mesoamerican Ballgame (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_ballgame [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_ballgame]) The Metropolitan Museum of Art: The Mesoamerican Ballgame (https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/the-mesoamerican-ballgame [https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/the-mesoamerican-ballgame]) National Geographic: Death Ball (https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/death-ball [https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/death-ball]) Olympics.com [http://Olympics.com]: Pankration (https://www.olympics.com/ioc/ancient-olympic-games/pankration [https://www.olympics.com/ioc/ancient-olympic-games/pankration]) Wikipedia: Pankration (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankration [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankration]) Britannica: Pankration (https://www.britannica.com/sports/pankration [https://www.britannica.com/sports/pankration]) History.com [http://History.com]: Chariot Racing (https://www.history.com/articles/chariot-racing-ancient-rome [https://www.history.com/articles/chariot-racing-ancient-rome]) Wikipedia: Chariot Racing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chariot_racing [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chariot_racing]) Wikipedia: Knattleikr (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knattleikr [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knattleikr]) Hurstwic: Knattleikr (http://www.hurstwic.org/history/articles/daily_living/text/knattleikr.htm [http://www.hurstwic.org/history/articles/daily_living/text/knattleikr.htm]) Wikipedia: Jousting (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jousting [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jousting]) Warfare History Network: Medieval Jousting (https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/article/medieval-jousting-a-bloody-sport-indeed/ [https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/article/medieval-jousting-a-bloody-sport-indeed/]) Italy Segreta: Calcio Storico (https://italysegreta.com/calcio-storico/ [https://italysegreta.com/calcio-storico/]) Wikipedia: Buzkashi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzkashi [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzkashi]) Britannica: Buzkashi (https://www.britannica.com/sports/buzkashi [https://www.britannica.com/sports/buzkashi]) Lost at Sea Shanty by legacyAlli Link: https://freemusicarchive.org/music/legacyalli/sound-phrases/rf-lost-at-sea-shanty/ [https://freemusicarchive.org/music/legacyalli/sound-phrases/rf-lost-at-sea-shanty/] License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/]

When Germany Defended the Wrong Country

In 1943, British intelligence pulled off one of the most audacious deceptions in military history. They dressed the body of a deceased Welsh homeless man as a fictitious Royal Marines officer, stuffed his briefcase with fake invasion plans, and dropped him off the coast of Spain — hoping Nazi Germany would take the bait. The plan, codenamed Operation Mincemeat, convinced Hitler that the Allies were targeting Greece and Sardinia instead of Sicily. When 160,000 Allied troops stormed Sicily on July 10, 1943, the Germans were completely caught off guard. The operation helped turn the tide of World War II and contributed to the fall of Benito Mussolini. Sources Ben Macintyre, Operation Mincemeat: How a Dead Man and a Bizarre Plan Fooled the Nazis and Assured an Allied Victory (2010) National WWII Museum: https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/secret-agents-secret-armies-operation-mincemeat [https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/secret-agents-secret-armies-operation-mincemeat] Imperial War Museum: https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/the-war-on-paper-operation-mincemeat [https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/the-war-on-paper-operation-mincemeat] Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Mincemeat [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Mincemeat] Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/event/Operation-Mincemeat-WWII-1943 [https://www.britannica.com/event/Operation-Mincemeat-WWII-1943] History.com [http://History.com]: https://www.history.com/articles/what-was-operation-mincemeat [https://www.history.com/articles/what-was-operation-mincemeat] BBC Wales: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-61080456 [https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-61080456] YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NXNDLnbTWQ8 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NXNDLnbTWQ8] Theme Song Attribution Lost at Sea Shanty by legacyAlli Link: https://freemusicarchive.org/music/legacyalli/sound-phrases/rf-lost-at-sea-shanty/ [https://freemusicarchive.org/music/legacyalli/sound-phrases/rf-lost-at-sea-shanty/] License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/]