The Last Caliph: How Turkey Abolished the Caliphate in 1924

The Ottoman Internees: Malta 1919

When the British occupied Istanbul in 1918, they didn't just dismantle the Ottoman government — they rounded up over 150 high-ranking officials, intellectuals, and suspected war criminals and shipped them to a prisoner-of-war camp on Malta. This episode follows the story of the Malta exiles: who they were, why the British chose Malta, and how their captivity shaped the emerging Turkish nationalist movement. We'll meet figures like Hüseyin Cahit Yalçın and Mehmed Cavid Bey, explore the legal limbo of the internment, and examine the secret negotiations that eventually led to their release in exchange for British POWs held by Ankara. The Malta exiles were a forgotten chapter of the empire's end — a curious mix of punishment, diplomacy, and unintended consequence. #MaltaExiles #OttomanEmpire #WorldWarI #BritishInternees #HüseyinCahitYalçın #MehmedCavidBey #TurkishNationalists #PrisonerExchange #Ankara #MudrosArmistice #WarCrimesTrials #Politics #MiddleEast #History #FexingoHistory #WWI #Mediterranean #Diplomacy Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

The Law of Family: How Ottoman Women Fought for Divorce Rights in 1917

In 1917, as the Ottoman Empire teetered on the edge of collapse, a remarkable piece of legislation was passed: the Law of Family Rights. It granted women unprecedented access to divorce, including the right to initiate it for reasons like desertion, cruelty, or even a husband's failure to provide bread. Lucas and Luna explore how this law emerged from a tangle of Islamic jurisprudence, wartime necessity, and feminist advocacy by figures like Halide Edib Adıvar and Nezihe Muhiddin. They discuss the reaction of conservative clerics, the law's practical impact on women in Istanbul and the provinces, and its surprising afterlife in the legal codes of Turkey and other post-Ottoman states. We also look at the parallel story of the 1917 Russian 'Decree on Divorce' and how, briefly, two collapsing empires gave women more control over marriage than they'd ever had. A story of reform, resilience, and the intimate costs of empire's end. #LawOfFamilyRights #OttomanWomen #DivorceRights #HalideEdib #NeziheMuhiddin #1917 #IslamicFeminism #Istanbul #Şeyhülislam #Mecelle #OttomanEmpire #SublimePorte #WorldWarI #WomenInHistory #FexingoHistory #History #MiddleEastHistory #LegalHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

The Last Ottoman Census: Counting a Dying Empire

In this episode, Lucas and Luna delve into the story of the Ottoman Empire's final census, conducted in 1914 just as the Great War erupted. They explore how the empire's last meticulous count was overseen by Mehmed Cemaleddin Bey of the Sicill-i Nüfus, the population registry. The census, which recorded some 18.5 million souls, was a desperate attempt to quantify resources for a crumbling state. Lucas explains the challenges faced by enumerators in remote regions like Yemen, where Ottoman control was nominal, and the reliance on the millet system for religious demographics. The episode also covers the role of the Düyun-u Umumiye, the Ottoman Public Debt Administration, which had a hand in funding the census, and the nascent statistics bureau, the İstatistik Encümeni. Listeners will learn how the data, imprecise but revealing, showed a young, male-heavy population already strained by Balkan wars. The discussion touches on the Hilal-i Ahmer (Red Crescent) and the Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa (Special Organization) that later used census records for conscription and deportation. Ultimately, the 1914 census stands as a poignant document of an empire on the edge of annihilation—a snapshot of a world about to vanish. #OttomanEmpire #Census1914 #MehmedCemaleddinBey #Sicill-iNüfus #Düyun-uUmumiye #İstatistikEncümeni #MilletSistemi #Hilal-iAhmer #Teşkilat-ıMahsusa #OttomanHistory #WorldWarI #BalkanWars #PopulationRegistry #Yemen #RedCrescent #PublicDebt #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

The Ottoman Empire's Last Peace Treaty: Lausanne 1923

In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the Treaty of Lausanne, the final peace settlement that formally ended the Ottoman Empire and created the modern Republic of Turkey. They discuss the key negotiators — İsmet İnönü, Lord Curzon, and Rıza Nûr — the contentious debates over the status of Mosul, the abolition of the capitulations, and the population exchange between Greece and Turkey. The episode also covers the treaty's long-term consequences for the Middle East and its legacy as a rare example of a post-World War I settlement that remains in force today. Listeners will learn about the 'Lausanne Syndrome' in Turkish political discourse, the fate of the Ottoman debt, and the unresolved issues that continued to shape regional politics for decades. #TreatyOfLausanne #LozanAntlaşması #İsmetİnönü #LordCurzon #RızaNûr #Capitulations #MosulQuestion #PopulationExchange #ModernTurkey #OttomanDebt #LausanneSyndrome #FexingoHistory #History #WorldWarI #Diplomacy #MiddleEast #PeaceTreaty #TurkishHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

The Ottoman Empire's Last Food Fight: The Sugar Crisis of 1917

In 1917, the Ottoman Empire faced a bizarre and devastating shortage of something we take for granted: sugar. This episode explores how the wartime blockade, speculation, and a government monopoly on sugar led to riots, black markets, and even a sugar-based currency in some Ottoman cities. We follow the story of the Ottoman Sugar Company (Şeker Şirketi) and the failed attempt to control the sweetener. Along the way, we meet the merchants who hoarded sugar, the soldiers who traded their rations for bread, and the ordinary people who turned to honey and molasses—only to find those supplies were also failing. We also touch on the role of the Hilal-i Ahmer (Red Crescent) in distributing what little sugar remained to hospitals. This episode sheds light on how a single commodity can reveal the crumbling infrastructure of an empire at war, and how the sweet tooth of a nation became a bitter symbol of its end. #OttomanEmpire #SugarCrisis1917 #WWI #Hilal-iAhmer #ŞekerŞirketi #Blockade #BlackMarket #Istanbul #History #FexingoHistory #OttomanHomeFront #FoodShortage #EconomicHistory #SublimePorte #CommitteeOfUnionAndProgress #DüyunuUmumiye #SugarRationing #MiddleEast Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]