Young Athletes, Brain Inflammation, and the Path to CTE

Spinal Cord Injury and Sleep: How Insomnia Affects Pain, Mental Health, and Recovery

Poor sleep is common after spinal cord injury, but insomnia may affect far more than energy. It can influence pain, fatigue, thinking, depression, anxiety, PTSD symptoms, daily function, independence, and overall quality of life. In this episode of Neuro Simplified, we review research on sleep and spinal cord injury rehabilitation. The studies show that insomnia symptoms are highly prevalent in people with spinal cord injury or disease and may be linked to worse physical and psychological outcomes. One meta-analysis found that about 61% of adults with SCI or spinal cord disease reported insomnia symptoms. We also discuss how a poor night of sleep may contribute to worse pain, fatigue, and brain fog the next day, especially in the morning. Additional research found that greater insomnia severity was associated with depression, anxiety, and a higher likelihood of screening positive for PTSD. Finally, we explore how functional independence after spinal cord injury may connect with sleep quality and mental health. Tasks such as feeding, bed mobility, pressure injury prevention, transfers, and activities of daily living may be closely related to psychological well-being. This episode is relevant for physical therapists, occupational therapists, rehabilitation professionals, people living with spinal cord injury, caregivers, and families who want to better understand the role of sleep in SCI recovery. Sources: Carlozzi NE, Freedman J, Troost JP, et al. Daily variation in sleep quality is associated with health-related quality of life in people with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2022;103(2):263-273. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2021.07.803. Kelly MR, Zeineddine S, Mitchell MN, et al. Insomnia severity predicts depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder in veterans with spinal cord injury or disease: a cross-sectional observational study. J Clin Sleep Med. 2023;19(4):695-701. doi:10.5664/jcsm.10410. Morrison A, Dorstyn DS. Insomnia in spinal cord injury: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Sleep Med Rev. 2025;84:102195. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2025.102195. Lee W, Jeong S, Lee BS, Lim JC, Kim O. Association between functional outcomes and psychological variables in persons with spinal cord injury. Sci Rep. 2023;13:23092. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-50252-8. Powered by Google Notebook LM

Children Have Strokes Too: Stroke Diagnosis and Management in Neuro Pediatrics

Stroke is usually thought of as an adult condition, but this review highlights that pediatric stroke can cause serious long-term disability, seizures, motor deficits, language problems, cognitive changes, and even death. One of the biggest challenges is that stroke in children often does not look like the classic adult “BE FAST” presentation. Younger children may present with seizures, fever, vomiting, headache, altered mental status, dizziness, gait changes, or other nonspecific symptoms, which can delay diagnosis. In this episode of Neuro Simplified, we break down why pediatric stroke is so difficult to recognize, the major causes clinicians should know, and why early suspicion matters. We cover arterial ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, cardiac disease, sickle cell disease, thrombophilia, arteriopathies, and craniocervical arterial dissection. We also discuss why pediatric stroke management is not as standardized as adult stroke care and why better protocols are needed for children. Source: Rawanduzy CA, Earl E, Mayer G, Lucke-Wold B. Pediatric stroke: a review of common etiologies and management strategies. Biomedicines. 2023;11(1):2. doi:10.3390/biomedicines11010002. Powered by: Google Notebook LMChildren Have Strokes Too

FND Is Real: Why the Legs Can Move, But Walking Still Breaks Down

Functional gait disorder is one of the most challenging and misunderstood presentations in neuro rehab. It can mimic structural neurologic disease, coexist with neurologic injury, and present with highly variable movement patterns including slow gait, astasia-abasia, knee buckling, dragging gait, dystonic gait, tremulous gait, truncal imbalance, and “walking on ice.” The review by Issak and colleagues emphasizes that functional gait disorder is multidimensional, often involving both motor symptoms and non-motor symptoms such as pain, fatigue, dizziness, fear of falling, anxiety, and depression. We also discuss an 8-week outpatient multidisciplinary FND program that included physiotherapy, CBT, self-management, group physiotherapy, and psychoeducation. Patients who completed the program showed improvements in anxiety, depression, functional impairment, walking speed, Timed Up and Go, and balance measures, although the study was retrospective and did not include a control group. The big takeaway: FND is not fake. Functional walking problems are real nervous-system problems, and rehab may help when it targets both movement and the factors that keep symptoms stuck. Source: Issak S, Kanaan R, Nielsen G, Fini NA, Williams G. Functional gait disorders: clinical presentations, phenotypes and implications for treatment. Brain Inj. 2023;37(5):437-445. doi:10.1080/02699052.2023.2165158 Guy L, Caceres GA, Jackson T, et al. Routine outcomes and evaluation of an 8-week outpatient multidisciplinary rehabilitative therapy program for functional neurological disorder. J Neurol. 2024;271(4):1873-1884. doi:10.1007/s00415-023-12111-4 Powered by: Google Notebook LM

NMES: Electrical Stimulation After Stroke

In this episode of Neuro Simplified, we talk about one of the most frustrating problems after stroke: the arm that does not move the way the brain wants it to. After stroke, weakness is not always just a muscle problem. The signal from the brain to the arm can become disrupted, delayed, or poorly coordinated. That is where electrical stimulation and neuromodulation-based rehab become interesting. Instead of simply asking the patient to move harder, these approaches try to pair intention with activation, helping the nervous system reconnect effort, sensation, and movement. We break down why the arm can be so difficult to recover after stroke, why repetition alone may not be enough, and how stimulation-based treatments may help “wake up” the pathway between the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and muscles. The big takeaway: stroke arm rehab is not just about strengthening. It is about timing, feedback, attention, repetition, and giving the nervous system a clearer signal to practice with. Source: Kristensen MGH, Busk H, Wienecke T. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation improves activities of daily living post stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Rehabil Res Clin Transl. 2022;4:100167. doi:10.1016/j.arrct.2021.100167 Powered by Google Notebook LM

Is Virtual Reality Appropriate for Stroke Rehab?

Virtual reality rehabilitation is gaining attention in stroke recovery, but one question matters more than the technology itself: what do stroke survivors actually think about it? In this episode of Neuro Simplified, we break down a 2025 systematic review and qualitative meta-synthesis on stroke survivors’ experiences with virtual reality rehabilitation. The review included 14 studies and 133 participants, exploring the benefits, barriers, motivators, and expectations patients reported after using VR-based rehab. Patients described improvements in movement, attention, confidence, mood, and daily function, but they also identified real challenges, including pain, fatigue, fear, technical problems, home setup barriers, and the need for better personalization. The big takeaway: VR is not magic, and it is not a replacement for skilled therapy. But when it is engaging, safe, task-specific, and matched to the patient’s abilities, it may help stroke survivors practice more, stay motivated, and reconnect with meaningful daily activities. Source: Ding K, Ma Y, Zhang L, Gu Y, Pan H, Gu Z-E, Zhang H. Patient-centered insights into virtual reality rehabilitation for stroke: a systematic review and qualitative meta-synthesis. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation. 2025;22:124. doi:10.1186/s12984-025-01641-9. Powered by: Google Notebook LM