The Fortification of Dorchester Heights

The Relief of Quebec, May 6, 1776

The arrival of a British naval squadron at Quebec City on 6 May 1776 constitutes one of the decisive operational episodes of the American Revolutionary War's northern theatre. Following the failed American assault of 31 December 1775 and the protracted, disease-ridden investment that followed under Brigadier General Benedict Arnold and, subsequently, Major General John Thomas, the besieged garrison under Lieutenant General Sir Guy Carleton had passed the winter in a state of siege punctuated by sporadic exchanges of artillery fire. The thawing of the St. Lawrence in late April permitted the resumption of maritime traffic to Quebec, and with it the possibility of relief from the Atlantic.

Washington Rides to New York City

In the early days of April 1776, with the siege of Boston freshly won and the British fleet vanishing over the Atlantic horizon, General George Washington turned his attention southward. New York would almost certainly be the next theater of war, and Washington knew he had to reach it before the enemy did. But the overland route from New England to Manhattan was more than a line on a map. It was a living corridor of towns, taverns, and communities whose support for the revolutionary cause could not be taken for granted. Washington understood, perhaps better than any man alive, that this journey would serve two purposes at once: military preparation and political persuasion.

The British Evacuate Boston

Early 1776, the city of Boston had become the focal point of agrinding strategic stalemate between the Continental Army and the British garrison under General William Howe. Since the battles of Lexington and Concord in April 1775, American forces had maintained a loose but effective siege around the city, bottling up roughly 6,000 British regulars and severalthousand Loyalist civilians within a narrow peninsula connected to the mainland by a single, fortified neck. Neither side possessed the decisive advantage needed to break the deadlock. That is until the Americans received the heavy artillery and a well-defended position.

The Fortification of Dorchester Heights

On the night of March 4–5, 1776, George Washington executed one of the most audacious maneuvers of the entire war: the overnight fortification of Dorchester Heights. Dorchester Heights was a series of elevated hills on a peninsula to the south of Boston, overlooking both the city and its harbor. Military leaders on both sides understood the significance of this ground. Whoever controlled it could place artillery in a position to rain fire down on the town and the British ships anchored below.

The Battle of Moores Creek Bridge

On February 27, 1776, nearly five months before the Declaration of Independence was signed in Philadelphia, a brief but consequential clash of arms took placein the pine forests of southeastern North Carolina. The Battle of Moore’s Creek Bridge, fought roughly eighteen miles northwest of Wilmington near the present-day community of Currie, lasted barely three minutes. Yet its impact on the course of the American Revolution was far out of proportion to its brevity.