Righting the wrong of U.S. Army racial abuse faced by African American soldiers on the Gothic LineI

The Sept. 8, 1943 WWII Italian Armistice and the complex, confusing battlefield: pt. 2

``The further backward you can look, the further forward you can see,'' former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill on the importance of understanding history. By Joe Kirwin When Italy pulled out of its alliance with Germany on Sept.8, 1943, Hitler's generals gave more than two million Italian military personnel an ultimatum: fight with the Nazis or go to prison. Some actually chose another option: they escaped and joined r the Allied Forces as part of what is known as the Italian Co-Belligerent Army. Others joined the Italian Partisans fighting a guerrilla warfare campaign against the Germans and Italian Fascists in the part of Italy yet to be liberated by Allied Armies led by the United States and the United Kingdom. One of the least known stories triggered by the abrupt end of the Italian alliance with Hitler occured in the Mediterranean Sea island of Corsica where the captain and crew of the Italian torpedo boat Aliseo sunk several German navy ships in the port of Bastia. Another topsy-turvy episode occurred in Yugoslavia where several divisions of Italian soldiers joined Josef Tito's army of Partisans and fought together with them against the invading German army until the end of the war in 1945. However shortly after WWII ended the Italian soldiers faced fatal retribution from Tito as payback for Italian Fascist army massacres that took place four years previous in the former Yugoslavia. That story is one a number of episodes that still re-ignite bitter political divisions on the border lands of northeast Italy and what is today Slovenia. The latest took place in 2025 over a European Parliament resolution proposed by center-right politicians from Slovenia to memorialize the victims of Tito. https://sloveniatimes.com/44087/eu-parliament-adopts-resolution-on-post-wwii-communist-violence-in-slovenia The reformed Co-Belligerent Army that joined Allied Forces and fought against German and Italian Fascist forces would play a vital role in Italy becoming a founding member in NATO and the European Union. To help us better understand this complex and confusing battlefield scenario triggered by the Italian Armistice and its impact after WWII, we resume our discussion from Part. 1 of this three-part series with retired Italian Lieutenant General Antonio Li Gobbi. He is the director of the Italian Centre for Studies and Historical Research of the National Association ofVeterans of the Italian Co-Belligerent Armed Forces.

When Italy declared a 1943 WWII armistice some 2.5 million Italian soldiers had to decide: fight with the Germans, go to prison or escape. More than 100,000 joined Gothic Line Allied Forces Pt. 1

``The further backwards you can look, the further forward you can see,'' Winston Churchill on the need to know history By Joe Kirwin It is known as the ``the choice'' in Italian military history annals. When Italian Dictator Benito Mussolini was arrested in July of 1943 and the country declared a WWII Armistice against Allied Forces two months later, the soldiers of the Italian Armed Forces faced an agonizing decision - stay loyal to the Germans and fight with them or be shipped to prisoner of war camps in Germany. Many went to prisoner of war camps. Many died in the camps; some decided to join the Mussolini puppet army and government known as the Italian Social Republic set up by Hitler after the Italian dictator was rescued from a prison in the mountains outside Rome. However many Italian soldiers escaped and joined the Italian resistance. The Allied Forces retrained more than 100,000 of those that escaped and they joined the British Eighth Army on the Gothic Line in the last months of WWII. The soldiers played a key role in the post-WWII reconstruction of Italy and its becoming a founding member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) and the European Union. The Italian military of today traces its roots back to the ``The Choice.''

European anti-immigrant politicians need a history lesson; it should start in cemeteries such as the WWII graves of Indian soldiers who died freeing Italy, Europe from Nazi, Italian fascist tyranny

``The farther backward you can look, the further forward you can see,'' Winston Churchill. If you spend much time listening to European conservative politicians and increasingly those from the center-left pontificate about immigration one would think the flow of migrants coming into Europe is the root of all the woes the continent faces. Or as Italian Prime Minister Georgia Meloni put it recently ``uncontrolled'' migration is a ``poly'' crisis that is responsible for current economic, competitive, security and other problems facing Italy and Europe. However that diagnosis contrasts dramatically with empirical data. In fact by all reliable European Union metrics Italy as well as a host of other European countries face significant labor shortages that increase annually. Furthermore, in the case of Italy, companies - according to a recent business survey - fill one out of every three job openings with non-EU citizens. And of course that does not include the tens of thousands of Italian and other European entrepreneurs, especially in the agriculture and service sectors, that hire illegal immigrants for paltry wages to keep their businesses going. If you drill down deeper into the issue, it is not hard to deduce that the problem for many anti-immigrant politicians is not so much about the supposed burden immigrants place on society but where they come from. That is evident when you hear far-right rants about the so-called``great replacement'' theory that posits Caucasians face a takeover threat from persons of color. The distorted debate over immigration is detrimental for the entire continent of Europe if not all the Western world but it is particularly warped in a country like Italy. That's because Italy's post-WWII resurgence would have been significantly different had it not been for the contribution of persons of color who fought in and died to defeat Nazism and Italian Fascism, especially on the Gothic Line between August 1944 and May 1945. The fact that most Italians are unaware of this contribution underlines the old adage that if you do not know history, then you are bound to repeat it. And of course, anti-immigrant hysteria is as old as the first immigrant flows dating back to the days of antiquity. One Italian politician who is most articulate in highlighting the irony and hypocrisy of the current debate in Italy and Europe is 81-year-old Albertina Soliani. She is a former Senator in the Italian parliament and until recently was the president of the Instituto Cervi which has spent decades promoting social equity and integration as a key part of economic growth. In 2025, Soliani made that point emphatically at the WWII Indian Soldier cemetery commemorating the more than 50,000 Indian soldiers who fought as part of the British Eighth Army in Italy including on the Gothic Line offensive in the Adriatic sector. As Soliani stated that day, Italian society and Europe has to come to grips with immigration reality and one of the best places to start is at a WWII cemetery such as the one in Forli that includes a dramatic life-sized statue of two Indian Sikh soldiers assisting an Italian soldier. The soldier was part of the reformed Italian army that joined the Allied Forces after Italy withdrew from its alliance with Hitler and its declaration of war against the Allied nations, including the United Kingdom, the United States and others. The comments by Soliani led me to visit the Cervi Institute which was established in memory of seven sons of Alcides Cervi who executed by Italian Fascists loyal to Italian Dictator Benito Mussolini. The institute's director Mirco Zannoni expanded on Soliani's speech in the following interview. Federico Fabini, one of the most prominent economic and political journalists in Italy, added his comments on how the past and the present pose challenges most politicians are ignoring but civil society is trying to resolve.

Indian soldiers and the WWII Allied Army Gothic Line campaign Pt. 2: Expatriate Indian community in Italy embrace their forebears but the story is still a blank history page in India.

``The further backward you can look, the further forward you can see,'' Winston Churchill on the need to know history. More than 50,000 Indian and Gurkha soldiers fought as part of the British Eighth Army during the WWII Allied campaign in Italy. They played a vital role in the Gothic Line offensive, especially in the Apennine mountains where they together in close combat with Scottish Highlander troops. Unfortunately that story has been censored from Indian history books since the country gained independence from the United Kingdom several years after the end of WWII. Over the past two to three decades more than half a million Indians, including approximately 200,000 have migrated to Italy. Many work in various sectors, especially agriculture, and play a vital role in bolstering the Italian economy. Since their arrival, the Sikhs have discovered the heroic sacrifice their forebears made to help Italy and Europe defeat Nazism and Italian Fascism and embrace it with numerous ceremonies and various memorials. Some of the expatriate Indians as well as others in India believe that if the story of how the Indians of all ethnicities, castes and creeds fought together - including those from what is modern-day Pakistan and Bangladesh, it would go a long way to improve relations on the Indian subcontinent. A high-ranking Indian Army officer, who recently visited Italy and toured the memorials and former battlefields, explains. Meanwhile, in contemporary Italy, the refusal to accept the contribution Indians soldiers made some 80 some years ago still lingers among some. Satnam Singh, a spokesman and leader within the Sikh community in Italy, and Italian independent historian, author and museum curator Daniel Cesaretti explain.

Black soldiers and racial abuse on the Gothic Line: 80 years later the Pentagon has a special program to ID uknown 92nd Buffalo soldiers U.S. military Gothic Line cemetery in Florence Pt. 3

``The further backwards you can look, the further forward you can see,'' Winston Churchill and the need to know history. At the top of the hillside U.S. military cemetery on the fringe of the Italian city of Florence there is a large wall that describes the Allied Force troop movements that fought on the Gothic Line from August 1944 to April 1945. There is a dizzying array of arrows that provides an inkling of how complicated the story of the final phase of what is often referred to as WWII's ``Forgotten Front.'' There is smaller plaque that mentions how the U.S. Army Fifth Corp led by U.S. General Mark Clark included the only U.S. African American infantry division to face combat in WWII. Often referred to as the ``Buffalo Soldiers'' they included the 92nd Infantry Division and an attachment known as the 366th Regiment, many of whom had joined the military after serving in ROTC programs while pursuing a college education. What the plaque description does not mention is the racial abuse these black soldiers and their segregated units faced as they fought, in the words of a Pentagon historian, two wars: one against the Nazis and Italian Fascists and another against white racist U.S. commanders. The cemetery also does not mention that there is an ongoing special U.S. Department of Defense project to identify more than 50 unknown African American soldiers buried in the Florence cemetery. Despite the ongoing efforts by the Trump Administration and Secretary of Defense Pete Hegseth to whitewash the story of racial abuse in the U.S. military before, during and after WWII, the special project to ID the unknown African American soldiers continues. Launched in 2014 the remains of seven soldiers - some from the 92nd Division and some from the attached 366th Regiment - have been identified. To provide more details about the special Pentagon project, the program's historian Ed Valentin explains in this episode the background and details of how work continues using various identification techniques including DNA analyses, field work, archive research and other methodologies. He also expressed optimism the program would be announcing new identification success in the coming year.