Rethinking Democracy

Can Turkey's Opposition Fight Back?

A Turkish court has taken a dramatic step that could reshape the country's political landscape. It annulled the results of the CHP's 2023 party congress, effectively overturning the election of Özgür Özel as leader of Turkey's main opposition party and potentially paving the way for former chairman Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu to return. This is the latest move in President Erdoğan's broader effort to weaken the opposition and diminish the significance of the ballot box. What does this decision mean for Turkey's pro-democracy forces and for the CHP, the party that founded the Turkish Republic? To discuss these questions, host Gönül Tol is joined by İlhan Uzgel. İlhan worked closely with CHP leader Özgür Özel and served as the party's deputy chair.

Can Hamas Be Disarmed?

As the world's attention shifts to the Iran war, Gaza is increasingly disappearing from the international spotlight. But more than six months after the United Nations endorsed a peace plan for Gaza, the humanitarian catastrophe continues. Israeli strikes remain relentless, while major international NGOs and aid groups say critical supplies are still not entering Gaza at anywhere near the scale needed. At the same time, the peace process appears to have stalled, with the biggest deadlock centering on Hamas's disarmament. So what does "disarmament" actually mean? Is there a realistic path forward? And how has the Iran war reshaped the calculations of Hamas, Israel, and regional powers? I discuss this all with Zaha Hassan, human rights lawyer and senior fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

Will the PKK Really Disarm?

In 2025, jailed PKK leader Abdullah Öcalan made a historic call for the group to disarm and dissolve, raising hopes of ending a 40-year conflict that has shaped Turkey and the wider region. Months later, the PKK symbolically laid down arms in what many viewed as a breakthrough moment for the peace process. But more than a year later, the process appears increasingly fragile. Turkey's pro-Kurdish party accuses the government of failing to build on the momentum created by Öcalan's call, while Ankara, Kurdish political actors, and even Öcalan himself have traded blame over delays and lack of progress. So where does the process go from here? Could violence return? Does Öcalan still command full authority over the PKK? And how are regional developments — from Syria to Iran — reshaping the future of efforts to disarm the PKK? To discuss all this, I'm joined by Kurdish affairs expert Aliza Marcus. Purchase Aliza's new book, Resurgence and Revolution: The PKK and the Kurdish Fight in Turkey and Syria, here [https://nyupress.org/9781479865369/resurgence-and-revolution/].

Can Syria Hold Together?

Syria is in the midst of a fragile transition. Many observers see positive momentum, with new humanitarian initiatives underway and fresh funding beginning to flow. But the risks remain serious: regional spillover, deep humanitarian needs, funding shortfalls, Israeli strikes, sectarian tensions, stalled political tracks, and continued reports of abuses by multiple actors. Where does Syria's transition really stand — and what could the war mean for its future? In this episode, I'm joined by Noah Bonsey, Senior Advisor at the International Crisis Group, to unpack the opportunities, the dangers, and what comes next.

Nazanin Boniadi: How the World Can Help Iran's Democratic Struggle

Just weeks before President Trump's war began, Iran was in the midst of a powerful wave of anti-regime protests spreading across the country. But once the war started, that momentum largely came to a halt. The conflict shifted the focus from dissent to survival and gave the regime an opening to crack down harder. With tighter controls, heightened fear, and everyday life suddenly more precarious, people pulled back from the streets. The protests may have paused, but the resentments that fueled them haven't gone anywhere. To unpack what this war means for Iran's democracy movement — both inside the country and in the diaspora — I'm joined by an exceptional guest, Nazanin Boniadi. Nazanin is an Iranian-British actress and political activist, born in Iran and raised in London.