The Siege of Tenochtitlan: Cortés's 93-Day War of Attrition

The Oñate Entrada: New Mexico 1598

In 1598, Juan de Oñate led a Spanish expedition of 500 men, women, and children into the Pueblo world of New Mexico, aiming to establish a permanent colony. This episode examines the entrada itself: the brutal journey across the Chihuahuan Desert, the initial encounters with Pueblo leaders at Acoma and other villages, and the violent crackdown that followed the Acoma Massacre of 1599. We look at the complex motives of Oñate, a wealthy Zacatecan mining heir seeking glory and a governorship, and the role of Tlaxcalan allies who accompanied him. The episode also covers the first Spanish settlement at San Juan Pueblo, the failed search for the mythical city of Quivira, and the eventual downfall of Oñate himself, tried and banished for cruelty. Throughout, we draw on the epic poem of the expedition by Gaspar de Villagrá, who served as Oñate's captain and chronicler. This is a story of ambition, violence, and a colonial project that set the stage for the Pueblo Revolt of 1680. #JuanDeOñate #AcomaMassacre #PuebloHistory #NewMexico1598 #SpanishColonization #GasparDeVillagrá #SanJuanPueblo #Quivira #TlaxcalanAllies #PuebloRevolt #ChihuahuanDesert #ElDorado #HistoriaDeNuevoMéxico #ColonialCruelty #SouthwestHistory #Conquistadors #FexingoHistory #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

The Siege of Tenochtitlan: How the Aztec Capital Fell

In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the final siege of Tenochtitlan in 1521, a brutal 75-day campaign that ended the Aztec Empire. They walk through Cortés's strategy of cutting off the city's causeways and water supply, the role of Tlaxcalan allies and brigantines, and the devastating smallpox outbreak that swept through the city. The conversation highlights key figures like Cuauhtémoc, the last huey tlatoani, and the relentless fighting on Lake Texcoco. Lucas explains how the Spanish used cannons and cavalry while the Mexica defended from rooftops and canals, and how the city's fall was not a single battle but a grinding urban war. They also touch on the controversy over casualties and the fate of the survivors. This episode offers a focused look at the military tactics, human cost, and legacy of the conquest's decisive moment. #SiegeOfTenochtitlan #Cuauhtemoc #HernanCortes #AztecEmpire #Mexica #Tlaxcala #Brigantines #LakeTexcoco #Smallpox #1521 #Conquistadors #Mesoamerica #MilitaryHistory #UrbanWarfare #Causeways #Nahuatl #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

The Mexica Flower Wars: Ritual Combat or Conquest

Before the Spanish arrived, the Mexica (Aztecs) fought a very different kind of war: the xochiyaoyotl, or Flower War. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the ritualized battles between the Triple Alliance and their neighbors, especially Tlaxcala and Huexotzinco. Why did warriors fight for prisoners instead of territory? How did the flower war system actually strengthen the Aztec empire—and ultimately contribute to its downfall? Lucas unpacks the religious underpinnings, the tlacaxipehualiztli ceremony, the role of the jaguar and eagle warrior orders, and how the flower war shaped the conquest. Drawing on the Florentine Codex, the Codex Mendoza, and the Lienzo de Tlaxcala, this episode offers a fresh look at Mesoamerican warfare that goes beyond the narrative of Cortés vs. Moctezuma. #FlowerWar #Xochiyaoyotl #Aztec #Mexica #Tlaxcala #Huexotzinco #FlorentineCodex #CodexMendoza #LienzoDeTlaxcala #Tlacaxipehualiztli #JaguarWarriors #EagleWarriors #Mesoamerica #RitualCombat #PreColumbian #IndigenousHistory #Conquistadors #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

The Encomienda's Grip: How Spanish Lords Ruled Indigenous Lives

In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore how the encomienda system actually functioned on the ground in early colonial Mesoamerica. They move beyond the legal decrees and the Valladolid debate to focus on daily life under encomienda lords — the tribute demands, the labor obligations, and the simmering resistance. Specific figures include the encomendero of Yanhuitlán, the Nahua lord don Domingo de San Antón Muñón Chimalpahin, and the Dominican friar Francisco de Burgoa, who documented the Oaxacan encomiendas. The conversation touches on the Tasa de Tlatelolco (the 1551 tribute assessment), the role of indigenous alcaldes in negotiating tribute, and the harrowing account of the encomienda at Mamatla where a smallpox outbreak killed dozens of workers. The hosts also discuss how encomiendas became hereditary, sparking the Crown's fear of a feudal nobility in the Americas. Drawing on the Relaciones Geográficas and legal cases from the Archivo General de Indias, they paint a granular picture of a system that extracted wealth while cloaking itself in paternalism. This episode provides the human scale behind one of the most contentious institutions of Spanish America. #Encomienda #ColonialMexico #Nahua #Yanhuitlan #Chimalpahin #TasadeTlatelolco #RelacionesGeograficas #ArchivoGeneralDeIndias #IndigenousLabor #NewSpain #DominicanFriars #FranciscoDeBurgoa #Oaxaca #Tribute #Smallpox #ColonialInstitutions #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

The Panuco Expedition: Cortés's Shipwrecked Men

In the fall of 1522, a Spanish ship carrying troops and supplies for Hernán Cortés was wrecked off the coast of the Huasteca region, near modern-day Tamaulipas. The survivors washed ashore into a world they did not understand: a densely forested, swampy lowland controlled by the Huastec people, who spoke a language completely different from Nahuatl. This episode follows the stranded Spaniards—their desperate attempt to walk back to Veracruz, the ambush that killed most of them, and the two survivors who were captured and lived for years among the Huastec. We explore how Cortés learned of their fate, the brutal punitive expedition he sent under Gonzalo de Sandoval, and the cultural collision that unfolded in the Huasteca. Along the way, we touch on Huastec society, their resistance to Aztec imperial expansion, and how shipwreck—not just conquest—shaped the early mapping of New Spain's Gulf coast. A forgotten story of survival, loss, and the limits of Spanish power in the 1520s. #Huastec #Huasteca #Cortés #Panuco #GonzaloDeSandoval #Shipwreck #Veracruz #Tamaulipas #GulfCoast #Conquistadors #Conquest #Survival #1520s #NewSpain #Indigenous #Nahuatl #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]