The Requerimiento: Spain's Legal Justification for Conquest

The Spanish Empire's Inner Enemy: The Catalan Revolt of 1640

In 1640, the Spanish Empire faced one of its most dangerous internal crises: the Catalan Revolt, also known as the Guerra dels Segadors. This episode explores how the centralizing policies of the Count-Duke of Olivares and the Union of Arms provoked a rebellion that nearly tore the empire apart. We trace the bloody Corpus de Sang uprising, the leadership of Pau Claris, and the dramatic declaration of a Catalan Republic under French protection. We also examine the role of the Generalitat, the Consell de Cent, and the brutal siege of Barcelona that followed. Along the way, we uncover the deeper tensions between Castile and the peripheral kingdoms of the Spanish Habsburg monarchy — tensions that would echo for centuries. For listeners who know the Spanish Empire through its American silver or its European armies, this is a story of how internal fractures can be as dangerous as any foreign enemy. #CatalanRevolt #GuerraDelSegadors #CorpusDeSang #PauClaris #CountDukeOfOlivares #UnionOfArms #Generalitat #ConsellDeCent #SpanishEmpire #HabsburgSpain #1640 #Catalonia #Barcelona #SeventeenthCentury #EuropeanHistory #History #FexingoHistory #Spain Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

The Spanish Tercio: How a Revolutionary Fighting Force Conquered Europe

In this episode, Lucas and Luna dive into the military revolution that made Spain the dominant power in 16th-century Europe: the tercio. They explore the genesis of this combined-arms formation under Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, the Great Captain, during the Italian Wars. Lucas explains how the tercio combined pikes and arquebuses in a flexible, defensive formation that smashed French cavalry at the Battle of Cerignola in 1503 and later crushed French infantry at Pavia in 1525. The conversation covers the internal structure of the tercio—its coronelías, maestre de campo, and sargento mayor—and how it became the template for European armies. They also discuss the tercio's decline, culminating in the symbolic defeat at Rocroi in 1643. Along the way, Luna asks about the daily life of a tercio soldier, the role of the Spanish Road, and how the formation adapted to changing technology. This episode offers a vivid portrait of the men and tactics that built an empire. #SpanishTercio #GonzaloFernandezdeCordoba #BattleOfCerignola #BattleOfPavia #BattleOfRocroi #ItalianWars #SpanishEmpire #MilitaryHistory #PikeAndShot #TercioViejo #MaestreDeCampo #SpanishRoad #GoldenAgeOfSpain #FexingoHistory #History #Europe #16thCentury #MilitaryRevolution Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

The Spanish Tercio: Europe's Most Feared Infantry

Before the Spanish Empire's decline, its infantry—the tercios—dominated European battlefields for over a century. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the origins, organization, and tactics of these formidable units. They discuss how the tercio combined pike and shot to create a nearly unbeatable formation, from the Italian Wars to the Thirty Years' War. Key figures like Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, the 'Great Captain' who pioneered the model, and the Duke of Alba, who perfected it, come to life. The conversation covers the Battle of Pavia (1525), where Spanish arquebusiers shattered French chivalry, and the Battle of Rocroi (1643), often seen as the tercio's swan song. Lucas explains the training, discipline, and morale that made tercios so effective, as well as the social structure—veterans, officers, and the 'soldier-priests' who accompanied them. The episode also touches on the myth of invincibility and the real reasons for the tercio's eventual decline against more flexible Swedish and French armies. A nuanced look at the men who built an empire, one formation at a time. #SpanishTercio #GonzaloFernándezdeCórdoba #DukeofAlba #BattleofPavia #BattleofRocroi #ItalianWars #ThirtyYearsWar #PikeAndShot #MilitaryHistory #HabsburgSpain #InfantryTactics #TercioEspañol #SpanishEmpire #FexingoHistory #History #Europe #MilitaryRevolution #RenaissanceWarfare Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

The School of Salamanca and the Birth of International Law

This episode explores the School of Salamanca, a group of 16th-century Spanish theologians and jurists who laid the foundations for modern international law, human rights, and economic theory. We focus on Francisco de Vitoria, who in his 1539 lecture 'De Indis' argued that indigenous peoples of the Americas possessed natural rights to life, liberty, and property, and that Spanish conquest required just cause. We discuss the Valladolid Debate of 1550-51 between Bartolomé de las Casas and Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda over the humanity of Native Americans. We also touch on Martín de Azpilcueta's quantity theory of money and the School's influence on later thinkers like Hugo Grotius and John Locke. Vitoria's concept of a global community (orbis) and his arguments against the pope's temporal authority over non-Christians are examined. The episode ties these ideas to the Spanish Empire's legal and moral justifications for expansion, showing how the School of Salamanca both challenged and reinforced imperial power. #SchoolOfSalamanca #FranciscoDeVitoria #InternationalLaw #ValladolidDebate #BartolomeDeLasCasas #JuanGinesDeSepulveda #MartinDeAzpilcueta #DeIndis #NaturalRights #JustWar #SpanishEmpire #Colonialism #HumanRights #SixteenthCentury #History #FexingoHistory #Podcast #Spain Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

The Spanish Empire's Inner Enemy: The Catalan Revolt of 1640

The Catalan Revolt of 1640, also known as the Guerra dels Segadors, was a rebellion that tore apart the Spanish Empire from within. While Spain was bleeding men and silver into the Thirty Years' War, the principality of Catalonia rose up against the fiscal demands of the Count-Duke of Olivares, Philip IV's chief minister. It all began with the Corpus de Sang — the bloody Corpus Christi uprising in Barcelona when peasant reapers and urban mobs turned on the viceroy's officials. The revolt escalated into a full-scale war, with the Catalan elite declaring the Republic of Catalonia and later placing themselves under the protection of Louis XIII of France. At the heart of the story is Pau Claris, the canon-lawyer-turned-president of the Generalitat, who made the fateful decision to betray loyalty to the Habsburgs. The revolt ended in 1652 when Barcelona finally fell to Spanish forces, but only after decades of devastation, a French occupation that proved as brutal as the royal army, and a lasting wound to the relationship between Castile and Catalonia. This episode follows the revolt's causes, key figures, and consequences, drawing on the memoirs of the French diplomat and historian Cardinal de Retz. #CatalanRevolt #GuerraDelSegadors #CorpusDeSang #PauClaris #CountDukeOfOlivares #PhilipIV #ThirtyYearsWar #RepublicOfCatalonia #Generalitat #SpanishEmpire #Barcelona #LouisXIII #CardinalDeRetz #17thCentury #SpanishHistory #Europe #Rebellion #History Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]