ASML: Forty Years at the Edge of Physics

Code and Council Presents: Infrastructure, Speculation, and the Railroad

In this episode of Code and Council, we look at the nineteenth-century railroad buildout as the first time the United States tried to build infrastructure on a national scale. Using Empire Express by David Haward Bain as our primary source, we trace how an idea turned into a system—how belief became policy, policy became financing, and financing created momentum that was difficult to stop. Railroads weren’t just a transportation project. They were an early experiment in combining public support, private capital, and speculative expectations into a single national undertaking. The episode follows the railroad from its earliest advocates, through congressional land grants and financial speculation, into the labor camps, mountain tunnels, and “Hell on Wheels” towns that absorbed the human cost of building at speed. It ends at the Golden Spike, examining how ceremony and memory simplified a complicated process and fixed the story of the railroad around its outcome rather than its methods. This isn’t a celebration or a takedown. It’s an attempt to understand the structure that made the railroad possible—and the patterns it introduced. Many of the dynamics that first appeared here would return in later infrastructure projects and sector-wide bubbles, long after the rails were finished. If you’re interested in how large systems get built, how speculation attaches itself to infrastructure, and how early choices shape long-term outcomes, this story is worth revisiting. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit codeandcouncil.substack.com [https://codeandcouncil.substack.com?utm_medium=podcast&utm_campaign=CTA_1]

Code and Council Presents: Soft Belief, Hard Power — Alex Karp and Palantir

For decades, Silicon Valley convinced itself that neutrality was possible. That building consumer products while avoiding the hardest public problems was a moral stance rather than a business choice. That the state was obsolete, belief was naïve, and technology would inevitably bend the world toward progress without anyone having to take responsibility for outcomes. In this episode, we work through The Technological Republic: Hard Power, Soft Belief, and the Future of the West by Alex Karp and Nicholas W. Zamiska—and take their argument seriously. We examine how belief eroded in elite technology culture, why institutions became optimized to avoid responsibility rather than achieve results, and how software and artificial intelligence have collapsed the distance between engineering decisions and real-world power. Along the way, we look at: * Why fear of misuse has become an excuse for inaction * How Palantir’s work with defense and law enforcement exposes the moral asymmetry in modern technology debates * Why consumer tech crowded out public capability * What “soft belief” actually means—and why it matters * Why hard power has returned, whether we like it or not This is not an episode about slogans or ideology. It is about capacity. About responsibility. About whether the people most capable of building the systems that now shape the world are willing to accept the burden of governing them. Because neutrality is no longer neutral.And standing aside is still a choice . This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit codeandcouncil.substack.com [https://codeandcouncil.substack.com?utm_medium=podcast&utm_campaign=CTA_1]

Code and Council Presents:Bell Labs, Claude Shannon, and the Architecture of Modern Life

Modern life runs on invisible systems: networks, signals, standards, and abstractions so deeply embedded we rarely stop to notice them. This episode of Code and Council traces the origins of those systems to Bell Telephone Laboratories and to a small group of scientists and engineers who quietly rewrote the rules of communication, computation, and coordination in the twentieth century.Drawing on Jon Gertner’s The Idea Factory, we examine how Bell Labs operated not as a startup or a skunkworks, but as an institutional engine of innovation—one sustained by monopoly economics, long time horizons, and a belief that basic research was a form of national infrastructure. From wartime radar and the invention of the transistor to the standardization of global communications, Bell Labs reveals how modern technology was shaped by councils, committees, and systems thinking rather than heroic lone geniuses.At the center of the story is Claude Shannon, explored through Jimmy Soni and Rob Goodman’s Mind at Play. Shannon’s work transformed information itself into something measurable and engineer-able, severing it from meaning and emotion. At the same time, his playful, contrarian intellect—juggling machines, maze-solving mice, and unicycles in the hallways of Bell Labs—embodied a deeper truth: that serious ideas often emerge from play, curiosity, and intellectual freedom.This episode is not a celebration of a lost golden age. It is an inquiry into architecture—how institutions decide what gets built, which problems matter, and how knowledge becomes power. Bell Labs was more than a laboratory. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit codeandcouncil.substack.com [https://codeandcouncil.substack.com?utm_medium=podcast&utm_campaign=CTA_1]

SpaceX — America’s Most Important Company

This special long-form episode tells the story of SpaceX from its improbable origins in 2001 to the era of Starship, reusable boosters, global communications infrastructure, and geopolitically significant launch capability. It’s a documentary-style narrative built from firsthand accounts, interviews, technical histories, and the voices of the engineers who actually lived it. We trace the people, failures, breakthroughs, and cultural dynamics that turned SpaceX from a fringe experiment into the most strategically important company in the United States. From the Falcon 1 days on Kwajalein, to the first booster landings, to the rise of Raptor and the Starship program in South Texas, this episode explores how a small team of engineers reshaped national policy, global communications, and humanity’s long-term trajectory. A sincere thank-you to the journalists, historians, engineers, former SpaceX employees, podcast hosts, biographers, and public researchers whose work preserved the anecdotes and technical details that made this narrative possible. Their reporting, interviews, and insights helped inform the texture and factual foundation of this story. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit codeandcouncil.substack.com [https://codeandcouncil.substack.com?utm_medium=podcast&utm_campaign=CTA_1]

ASML: Forty Years at the Edge of Physics

This episode examines the engineering, organizational, and geopolitical history behind ASML’s development of extreme ultraviolet lithography. It traces the company’s evolution from its origins in Veldhoven to its position as the world’s sole supplier of EUV tools, and explains how collaborations with Carl Zeiss, Cymer, TSMC, Intel, and a global supplier network made the technology possible. The narrative focuses on the technical challenges, institutional learning, and multi-decade coordination required to push semiconductor manufacturing to the limits of physics. Source MaterialThis episode is informed by two primary sources: * ASML’s Architects by René Raaijmakers * The Asianometry ASML video series and research notes These works provided detailed coverage of ASML’s early history, internal engineering culture, supplier network, EUV development, High-NA optics, and the strategic role of TSMC in scaling the technology. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit codeandcouncil.substack.com [https://codeandcouncil.substack.com?utm_medium=podcast&utm_campaign=CTA_1]