Catherine the Great and the Discovery of the Lomonosov Ridge

Catherine the Great's German Colonies: Volga Germans in Russia

In 1762 and 1763, Catherine the Great issued manifestos inviting foreigners to settle in Russia, offering free land, religious freedom, and exemption from military service. Over the next century, tens of thousands of Germans, mostly from the Holy Roman Empire, migrated to the Volga River region and later to the Black Sea coast. They established agricultural colonies, maintained their language and religion, and became a key part of Russia's multi-ethnic empire. This episode explores the origins of the Volga Germans, their settlement patterns, their contributions to Russian agriculture and industry, the privileges they enjoyed, and the gradual erosion of those privileges under later tsars. We also touch on the darker legacy of their deportation during World War II. Primary sources include the manifestos of 1762 and 1763, the reports of colony inspectors like Georgi von Cancrin, and the writings of traveler Johann Gottlieb Georgi. #CatherineTheGreat #VolgaGermans #GermanColonies #RussianHistory #Immigration #18thCentury #19thCentury #Agriculture #Settlement #BlackSeaGermans #Saratov #Samara #ManifestoOf1763 #ReligiousFreedom #MultiEthnicEmpire #Deportation #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

Catherine the Great's Bastille Day Letter to Voltaire

In this episode of Fexingo History, Lucas and Luna explore a remarkable moment of Enlightenment-era diplomacy: Catherine the Great's personal letter to Voltaire on July 14, 1789 — the day the Bastille fell in Paris. At a time when French revolutionaries were storming the old regime, the Russian empress wrote to her long-time philosophical correspondent, blending news of Russia's wars with the Ottomans with sharp commentary on the upheaval in France. We trace how Catherine and Voltaire's twenty-year correspondence shaped her image as an enlightened despot, examine her instant dismissal of the French Revolution as a threat to order, and consider how her own subjects — like Alexander Radishchev — were already testing the limits of her tolerance. The episode draws on Catherine's own words from the letter, her earlier Nakaz, and her reaction to the growing crisis, revealing the contradictions at the heart of her rule. A story of letters, ideals, and the thin line between reform and repression. #CatherineTheGreat #Voltaire #FrenchRevolution #BastilleDay #Enlightenment #RussianEmpire #Nakaz #AlexanderRadishchev #EnlightenedDespotism #Correspondence #1789 #History #FexingoHistory #Russia #EasternEurope #18thCentury #PoliticalPhilosophy #Despotism Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

Catherine the Great and the Charter to the Towns of 1785

In 1785, Catherine the Great issued two landmark charters: one to the nobility and one to the towns. This episode focuses on the lesser-known Charter to the Towns, which created a new urban social hierarchy and granted limited self-government to Russian cities. We explore the six categories of town dwellers, the new municipal institutions, and how this reform reflected Catherine's struggle to foster a middle class in a predominantly serf-based economy. The episode touches on the gubernia reform of 1775, the role of merchants and guilds, and why the charter ultimately failed to create a vibrant urban society. We also discuss how the charter shaped Russian urban life well into the 19th century and its legacy for later reforms. #CatherineTheGreat #CharterToTheTowns #RussianHistory #18thCentury #UrbanReform #RussianEmpire #Moscow #SaintPetersburg #GuberniaReform #Merchants #Guilds #Meshchane #Posadskie #Townspeople #History #FexingoHistory #EasternEurope #EnlightenmentReform Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

Catherine the Great's Court Painter Dmitry Levitzky

Step into the gilded halls of Catherine the Great's Winter Palace and meet Dmitry Levitzky, the Ukrainian-born portraitist who captured the faces of Russia's Enlightenment. From his iconic Smolny Institute series—seven full-length portraits of young noble girls in theatrical costume—to the formidable Empress herself in her 1783 coronation portrait, Levitzky blended Western Rococo elegance with a distinctly Russian sensibility. Lucas and Luna explore how Levitzky's brush served Catherine's propaganda machine, why he fell from favour under Paul I, and the mysterious circumstances of his death in 1822, nearly blind and forgotten. Along the way, they visit the Imperial Academy of Arts, the Moscow Foundling Home, and the studio of Levitzky's mentor, the engraver Georg Friedrich Schmidt. Discover how one painter's career mirrors the arc of Catherine's reign: dazzling, complex, and ultimately overshadowed by the autocracy it served. #DmitryLevitzky #CatherineTheGreat #RussianArt #18thCenturyPortraiture #SmolnyInstitute #ImperialAcademyOfArts #WinterPalace #RussianEnlightenment #Rococo #Neoclassicism #Ukraine #GeorgeFriedrichSchmidt #PaulI #PortraitPainter #RussianEmpire #History #FexingoHistory #ArtHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

Catherine the Great's War with Sweden 1788–1790

In this episode of Catherine the Great, Lucas and Luna explore the Russo-Swedish War of 1788–1790, a conflict that erupted while Russia was already fighting the Ottoman Empire. Catherine faced her cousin King Gustav III of Sweden, who launched a surprise attack hoping to reclaim lost territories. We delve into the naval Battle of Hogland, where Russian Admiral Samuel Greig fought Swedish Admiral Rudolf Cederström to a draw, and the dramatic Battle of Svensksund, a humiliating Russian defeat that nearly cost Catherine her Baltic fleet. The war was also a propaganda battle: Gustav staged an opera about himself, while Catherine mocked him in a comedy play. The episode covers the peace treaty of Värälä, which restored the status quo but left both sides claiming victory. We discuss how this war distracted Catherine from her southern ambitions, the role of Finnish nationalism, and the curious figure of Gustav III, an enlightened despot who fancied himself a military genius. The war's legacy includes a strengthening of Swedish neutrality and a strain on Russian resources that foreshadowed later conflicts. #CatherineTheGreat #RussoSwedishWar #GustavIII #BattleOfHogland #BattleOfSvensksund #SamuelGreig #RudolfCederström #BalticFleet #TreatyOfVärälä #18thCenturyHistory #SwedishHistory #RussianEmpire #FinnishHistory #NavalHistory #Propaganda #History #FexingoHistory #EasternEurope Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]