Cortés's Forgotten Cannon: The Bronze Gun That Changed Mexico

The Xochiyaoyotl: Aztec Flower Wars That Shaped the Conquest

Long before Cortés arrived in Mexico, the Aztecs and their neighbors fought in a ritualized form of warfare called the xochiyaoyotl, or 'flower war.' These weren't typical battles for territory or resources—they were highly structured conflicts aimed at capturing prisoners for sacrifice, conducted by mutual agreement between states. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore how the flower war system shaped Aztec military strategy, created deep-seated resentment among subjugated peoples like the Tlaxcalans, and ultimately became one of the most consequential factors in Cortés's ability to forge indigenous alliances. Drawing on accounts from the Florentine Codex and the Lienzo de Tlaxcala, as well as modern scholarship, they discuss how the ritual constraints of the xochiyaoyotl left the Mexica ill-prepared for the total war Cortés waged, and how Tlaxcala's refusal to be conquered in a flower war fueled their alliance with the Spanish. They also touch on the controversial debate among historians about whether the flower wars were a genuine Aztec institution or a post-conquest invention. Tune in for a fresh angle on the conquest—one that turns the usual narrative on its head. #Xochiyaoyotl #FlowerWars #AztecWarfare #Tlaxcala #Cortés #Mexica #FlorentineCodex #LienzodeTlaxcala #MesoamericanHistory #ConquestofMexico #RitualWarfare #IndigenousAlliances #Tenochtitlan #MoctezumaII #Xicotencatl #History #FexingoHistory #SixteenthCentury Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

The Cocoliztli Epidemic: Smallpox That Toppled Tenochtitlan

In 1520, while Cortés was away from Tenochtitlan, a disease brought by the Spanish killed the Aztec emperor Cuitláhuac and tens of thousands of Mexica. This episode explores the cocoliztli epidemic, likely smallpox, that devastated the city before the final siege. Lucas and Luna discuss how the disease arrived with the Narváez expedition, its impact on Aztec leadership and morale, and the role of indigenous allies who were largely immune. They also touch on later outbreaks and the demographic collapse of Mesoamerica. Specific terms include: cocoliztli, Cuitláhuac, Moctezuma Xocoyotzin, Pánfilo de Narváez, Bernal Díaz del Castillo, Florentine Codex, Bernardino de Sahagún, and Tenochtitlan. #Cocoliztli #Smallpox #Tenochtitlan #Cuitláhuac #Cortés #PánfiloDeNarváez #BernalDíaz #FlorentineCodex #Sahagún #Mesoamerica #AztecEmpire #Epidemic #ConquestOfMexico #History #FexingoHistory #IndigenousHistory #Disease #1520 Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

Cortés's Forgotten African Conquistador: Juan Garrido

This episode of Fexingo History spotlights Juan Garrido, a free black African conquistador who fought alongside Hernán Cortés in the conquest of the Aztec Empire. Garrido was one of hundreds of enslaved and free Africans who participated in the Spanish invasion, yet his story is rarely told. We trace his journey from the slave markets of West Africa to the siege of Tenochtitlan, where he fought as a soldier, managed mining operations, and later became a farmer in Mexico City. Drawing on records from the Archivo General de Indias, we examine how men like Garrido navigated colonial society, gained land grants, and left descendants whose histories are still being uncovered. The episode also explores the broader role of African auxiliaries — often overlooked in favor of Tlaxcalan allies — in Cortés's campaign. Listeners will encounter primary source testimony from Garrido's own petition to the Spanish crown, revealing his service during La Noche Triste and the final battle for the island capital. It's a necessary corrective to the narrative that the conquest was solely a clash between Europeans and Indigenous peoples. #JuanGarrido #AfricanConquistador #HernanCortes #AztecEmpire #Tenochtitlan #ArchivoGeneralDeIndias #LaNocheTriste #Slavery #ColonialMexico #NewSpain #Mesoamerica #BlackHistory #Conquest #Siege #16thCentury #History #FexingoHistory #Podcast Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

Cortés's Siege Engineers: The Men Who Built the Brigantines

In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the forgotten story of Martín López and the Spanish shipbuilders who constructed the brigantines that broke the Aztec siege of Tenochtitlan. With only a handful of carpenters, iron tools, and thousands of Tlaxcalan laborers, Cortés's men built thirteen ships in just six weeks on the shores of Lake Texcoco — a feat that turned the tide of the conquest. Lucas explains how the brigantines, with their lateen sails and bronze cannons, outmaneuvered the Aztec war canoes, cut off supply routes, and enabled the final assault on the island capital. He also reveals the logistical nightmare of transporting materials from Veracruz, the role of indigenous allies in construction, and the technological gap that doomed the Mexica navy. Along the way, the hosts touch on the Florentine Codex accounts, the Lienzo de Tlaxcala illustrations, and the strategic brilliance of Cortés's improvised fleet. #MartínLópez #Brigantines #Cortés #Tenochtitlan #LakeTexcoco #TlaxcalanAllies #FlorentineCodex #LienzoDeTlaxcala #AztecCanoes #SiegeWarfare #NavalHistory #SpanishConquest #Mesoamerica #Acalli #LateenSail #BronzeCannons #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

The Templo Mayor: Cortés's Final Sacrifice

In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the destruction of the Aztec Templo Mayor, the spiritual and political heart of Tenochtitlan. They discuss its significance as a dual temple to Huitzilopochtli and Tlaloc, the ritual sacrifices that defined Mexica religion, and the moment Cortés ordered its demolition. Drawing on accounts from the Florentine Codex and Bernal Díaz del Castillo, they examine how the Spanish repurposed the site to build the Cathedral of Mexico City, and what archaeological excavations in the 1970s revealed about the original structure. The conversation touches on the symbolism of the Coyolxauhqui stone, the role of the tzompantli (skull rack), and the lasting legacy of this act of cultural erasure. #Aztec #TemploMayor #Huitzilopochtli #Tlaloc #Cortés #Tenochtitlan #Coyolxauhqui #FlorentineCodex #BernalDíaz #Mesoamerica #Conquest #MexicoCity #Archaeology #Sacrifice #Tzompantli #SpanishColonization #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]