Carnegie's Steel: How Andrew Carnegie Built an Industry

The 1890s Depression and the Coxey's Army March on Washington

In the wake of the Panic of 1893, the United States found itself in the worst economic depression it had yet faced. Banks failed, railroads went bankrupt, and unemployment soared to perhaps 20 percent. Amid this crisis, a populist businessman turned activist named Jacob Coxey proposed a radical solution: the federal government should employ the jobless to build roads. When Congress ignored his idea, Coxey organized a protest march from Massillon, Ohio, to Washington, D.C. — a 'petition in boots.' This episode follows the march known as Coxey's Army, the motley group of unemployed workers who trudged hundreds of miles, the police crackdown that awaited them on the Capitol steps, and how this event foreshadowed the New Deal and the modern politics of economic protest. We also explore the broader context of the depression: the railroad bankruptcies, the Pullman Strike, and the clash between Grover Cleveland's laissez-faire orthodoxy and the rising demand for government intervention. A forgotten chapter in American labor history that still resonates today. #CoxeysArmy #JacobCoxey #PanicOf1893 #GroverCleveland #PullmanStrike #AmericanRailroads #Unemployment #PopulistMovement #MarchOnWashington #MassillonOhio #LaissezFaire #NewDeal #GildedAge #LaborHistory #EugeneDebs #PetitionInBoots #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

The Gilded Age's 1883 Civil Service Reform: Pendleton Act

In this episode of The Gilded Age, Lucas and Luna explore the 1883 Pendleton Act, the landmark law that began dismantling the spoils system in American politics. Triggered by President James Garfield's assassination at the hands of a disgruntled office-seeker, the act established the United States Civil Service Commission and made merit-based hiring the standard for federal jobs. We examine the long reign of the spoils system under Andrew Jackson, the role of the Stalwarts and Half-Breeds within the Republican Party, and the efforts of reformers like Dorman B. Eaton and George William Curtis. The episode also questions how much really changed—early enforcement was weak, and the law initially covered only about 10 percent of federal positions. Still, the Pendleton Act set a precedent that slowly transformed American government from a patronage playground into a professional bureaucracy, a shift that reverberates today in debates over government competence and fairness. #PendletonAct #CivilServiceReform #JamesGarfield #CharlesGuiteau #SpoilsSystem #Stalwarts #HalfBreeds #ChesterAArthur #DormanBEaton #GeorgeWilliamCurtis #UnitedStatesCivilServiceCommission #GildedAge #AmericanHistory #PoliticalReform #MeritSystem #Patronage #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

The Gilded Age's Transcontinental Railroad and the Chinese Workers

In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the forgotten story of the Chinese laborers who built the western half of the Transcontinental Railroad. They discuss the recruitment from Guangdong, the grueling conditions in the Sierra Nevada, the use of nitroglycerin on the Summit Tunnel, the deadly avalanche of 1867, and the wage disparity with white workers. The episode also covers the 1869 Golden Spike ceremony at Promontory Point, where Chinese workers were notably absent from photos, and the subsequent Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. Through specific names like Charles Crocker, Kwan Lee, and Ah Lum, they reveal how these workers were critical to the Gilded Age's infrastructure yet faced systematic erasure. #TranscontinentalRailroad #ChineseWorkers #CentralPacificRailroad #CharlesCrocker #PromontoryPoint #GoldenSpike #SummitTunnel #DonnerPass #SierraNevada #LelandStanford #ChineseExclusionAct #BurlingameTreaty #GildedAge #RailroadHistory #LaborHistory #AmericanHistory #ImmigrationHistory #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

The Gilded Age's 1890 Census and the Closing of the Frontier

The 1890 Census revealed a stunning fact: the American frontier no longer existed. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore how the Census Bureau's announcement of a 'closed frontier' reshaped American identity, influenced Frederick Jackson Turner's famous thesis, and sparked debates about land use, conservation, and national character. They discuss the Homestead Act, the role of railroads, the displacement of Native nations, and the rise of the 'Wild West' myth in memory. This is the story of how the government counted America's expansion and declared an era over. #1890Census #ClosedFrontier #FrederickJacksonTurner #FrontierThesis #HomesteadAct #GildedAge #ManifestDestiny #CensusBureau #AmericanHistory #Conservation #NativeAmericanDisplacement #TranscontinentalRailroad #Buffalo #BlackHills #GhostDance #History #FexingoHistory #USHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

The Gilded Age's 1890 Ghost Dance and Wounded Knee

In 1890, a spiritual revival swept across Native American reservations on the Great Plains: the Ghost Dance. Promising the restoration of ancestral lands and the disappearance of white settlers, this peaceful religious movement terrified U.S. Indian agents and triggered an escalating crisis that culminated in the Wounded Knee Massacre. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the origins of the Ghost Dance in the teachings of the Northern Paiute prophet Wovoka, its rapid adoption by the Lakota under Sitting Bull and Kicking Bear, the assassination of Sitting Bull at Standing Rock, and the brutal massacre of over 250 Lakota men, women, and children at Wounded Knee Creek. They examine competing accounts of the massacre's causes, the role of the 7th Cavalry seeking revenge for Little Bighorn, and the aftermath including the award of Medals of Honor to the soldiers involved. This is a story of religious hope met with state violence, and a tragic end to the Indian Wars on the Northern Plains. The episode also touches on the broader context of U.S. assimilationist policies and the suppression of Native culture. #WoundedKnee #GhostDance #Wovoka #SittingBull #Lakota #GreatPlains #GildedAge #IndianWars #7thCavalry #StandingRock #KickingBear #Massacre #NativeAmerican #USHistory #PineRidge #BigFoot #ManifestDestiny #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]