The Mongol Conquest of Korea 1231–1259 A Brutal Six-Decade War

The Mongol Siege of Merv A City Erased from History

In 1221, the city of Merv was one of the largest in the world, a jewel of the Silk Road and a center of Islamic learning. Then came Tolui, Genghis Khan's youngest son, and an army of perhaps 80,000 Mongol horsemen. The siege took a mere ten days, but the aftermath was catastrophic. Persian historian Juvayni, writing a generation later, recorded that Mongol commanders carried out a systematic massacre that took days. Modern archaeologists have found mass graves and layers of ash confirming the destruction. But was the population truly wiped out, as the chronicles claim? Recent scholarship suggests that Merv's fall, while devastating, may have been exaggerated in the sources. This episode explores the siege itself, the conflicting accounts from Juvayni and Ibn al-Athir, the archaeological evidence, and the legacy of a city that became a symbol of Mongol terror. Lucas and Luna also consider whether Merv ever truly recovered, and what its fate tells us about Mongol strategy and the limits of total destruction. #Merv #MongolEmpire #SiegeOfMerv #Tolui #Juvayni #IbnAlAthir #SilkRoad #CentralAsia #GenghisKhan #Khwarezm #MassGraves #Archaeology #History #FexingoHistory #1221 #Medieval #Destruction #Controversy Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

The Mongol Conquest of Tibet: Religion, Diplomacy, and Empire

In this episode, we explore the Mongol conquest of Tibet in the 1240s, a strategic move that brought Tibetan Buddhism into the orbit of the Mongol Empire. We follow the mission of Godan Khan and his general Doorda Darkhan, who subjugated Tibetan monasteries without massive destruction. The episode delves into the meeting with Sakya Pandita, the leading lama of the Sakya school, who negotiated Tibet's submission and became the first Buddhist prelate to teach at the Mongol court. We discuss the role of the Sakya sect as intermediaries, the importance of Tibetan Buddhist rituals and texts to the Mongols, and how this set the stage for the later Yuan dynasty's patronage of Tibetan Buddhism under Khubilai Khan. The conversation also touches on the cultural exchange facilitated by the Mongols' religious tolerance and the lasting legacy of Tibetan Buddhism in Inner Asia. #MongolEmpire #Tibet #SakyaPandita #GodanKhan #DoordaDarkhan #TibetanBuddhism #KhubilaiKhan #YuanDynasty #SilkRoad #BuddhistConquest #Lhasa #SakyaMonastery #MongolDiplomacy #ReligiousTolerance #13thCentury #CentralAsia #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

Subutai's Siege of Kaifeng 1234 The Fall of the Jin Dynasty

In 1234, the Mongol Empire, under Subutai Bahadur, captured the Jin dynasty capital of Kaifeng, ending a 20-year war. This episode dives into the siege itself: the use of gunpowder weapons by the Jin defenders, including fire lances and iron bombs; the Mongol adaptation of Chinese siege technology; the political intrigue within the Jin court, including the failure of Emperor Aizong to unite against the Mongols; and the role of Song dynasty forces who allied with the Mongols before turning on them. We explore the human cost—the famine, disease, and mass suicide—and the strategic lessons learned by Subutai. The fall of Kaifeng paved the way for the Mongol invasion of the Song, and the dialogue examines how the Mongols absorbed Chinese military engineers and administrators. Lucas and Luna discuss the cultural and military legacy, including the first recorded use of explosive shells in warfare, and the controversial Mongol policy of executing Jin imperial family members to prevent rebellion. #Subutai #Kaifeng #JinDynasty #MongolSiege #Gunpowder #SongDynasty #1234 #SiegeWarfare #ChineseHistory #MongolConquest #FireLance #ExplosiveBombs #Aizong #MongolStrategy #MilitaryHistory #MedievalWarfare #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

Subutai's Last Campaign: The Mongol Invasion of the Song

In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the final great campaign of Subutai Bahadur, Genghis Khan's legendary general, against the Song Dynasty in China. They discuss Subutai's innovative strategies during the 1235–1242 invasion, including the use of siege warfare against fortified cities like Xiangyang, the challenges posed by the Song's defensive lines and naval forces, and the eventual Mongol withdrawal due to Ögedei Khan's death. The conversation highlights Subutai's tactical genius, the brutal attrition on both sides, and how this campaign set the stage for Khubilai Khan's later conquest. Key figures include Subutai, Ögedei, and Song generals like Meng Gong. The episode also touches on the limits of Mongol power and the resilience of the Song state. #Subutai #SongDynasty #MongolEmpire #ÖgedeiKhan #Xiangyang #SiegeWarfare #MengGong #Chengdu #Hangzhou #NavalWarfare #SteppeTactics #KhubilaiKhan #1235Invasion #TotalWar #MedievalChina #MilitaryHistory #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

The Mongol Conquest of the Jurchen Jin: Subutai's First Great Campaign

Before Subutai Bahadur became the legendary commander who crushed European knights at Mohi and chased the Kipchaks across the steppe, he cut his teeth in a brutal, decade-long war against the Jurchen Jin dynasty of northern China. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore Subutai's first independent command during the Mongol-Jin War (1211–1234). They discuss the siege of the Jin capital Zhongdu (modern Beijing), the tactical use of rivers and siege engineers, the role of defectors like Shimo Ming'an, and the psychological warfare that shattered an empire of 50 million. Along the way, they touch on the Jin's own Jurchen heritage, the Khitans who switched sides, and how Subutai learned to starve a walled city into submission. This is the campaign that turned a steppe general into a city-killer. #MongolEmpire #Subutai #JinDynasty #Jurchen #Zhongdu #Beijing #MongolSiege #SiegeWarfare #SteppeHistory #GenghisKhan #MedievalChina #Khitans #ShimoMingan #MilitaryHistory #CentralAsia #History #FexingoHistory #MongolConquests Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]