NMES: Electrical Stimulation After Stroke

Spinal Cord Injury and Incontinence: Can Walking and Exercise Decrease Bladder Incontinence?

Can walking, standing, or exoskeleton training improve bladder function after spinal cord injury? In this episode of Neuro Simplified, we review a 2025 systematic review exploring whether lower-extremity rehabilitation can influence neurogenic bladder and other lower urinary tract symptoms. The researchers examined locomotor training, body-weight-supported walking, standing programs, and exoskeleton-assisted gait training in people with spinal cord injury. The theory is that the neural pathways controlling the legs, pelvic floor, and bladder may overlap. Because of this connection, lower-limb exercise may act as a form of neuromodulation, potentially affecting bladder storage, urinary urgency, incontinence, and voiding efficiency. The review included only three studies with 40 participants, so the evidence remains preliminary. Some findings suggested improvements in bladder capacity, voiding efficiency, bladder pressure, nocturia, and urinary incontinence after locomotor or weight-bearing training. However, results were inconsistent, and exoskeleton training did not clearly improve urodynamic or patient-reported bladder outcomes. In this episode, we discuss: * Neurogenic bladder after spinal cord injury * How leg rehabilitation may influence bladder control * Body-weight-supported treadmill and locomotor training * Standing and weight-bearing programs * Exoskeleton gait training and pelvic floor activation * Changes in bladder capacity, pressure, and voiding efficiency * Urinary incontinence and nighttime urination * Why improved walking does not always mean improved bladder function * The limitations of small rehabilitation studies * What future spinal cord injury research still needs to determine The findings raise an important rehabilitation question: could gait training provide benefits beyond mobility? Early evidence suggests lower-extremity rehabilitation may influence bladder function after spinal cord injury, but larger and better-controlled trials are needed before specific treatment recommendations can be made. Source: Ciardi G, Giraudo D, Fontana M, Citterio C, Gandolfi P, Lamberti G. Relevance of leg rehabilitation to modulating neurogenic lower urinary tract symptoms: a systematic review. Bioengineering (Basel). 2025;12(2):127. doi:10.3390/bioengineering12020127. Powered by Google Notebook LM

Returning to Work After Stroke and Its Emotional Burden

Returning to work after stroke is often treated like a major win, but this study shows the story is more complicated. In this episode of Neuro Simplified, we discuss a 2024 study of 553 previously working stroke survivors, assessed 18 to 24 months after stroke. About 56.6% returned to work, and return to work was linked with better community integration across home, social, and productive activity domains. But the surprising finding was that stroke survivors who returned to work also showed higher depressive symptom scores, with no significant difference in overall quality of life compared with those who did not return to work. The study also found that most people who returned to work went back to the same job and role, and 91.5% received no professional reintegration support. This raises an important rehab question: are we celebrating return to work too early if the person is going back without enough accommodations, vocational support, pacing, emotional support, or job-specific rehab? For clinicians, this episode is a reminder that return to work is not just a checkbox. It is a functional, emotional, cognitive, social, and environmental outcome. A patient may be “back at work” but still struggling with fatigue, mood, identity, performance pressure, and the hidden demands of real-world participation. Source: Matos J, Henriques A, Moura A, Alves E. Professional reintegration of stroke survivors and their mental health, quality of life and community integration. Qual Life Res. 2024;33(12):3259-3273. doi:10.1007/s11136-024-03797-8 Powered by: Google Notebook LM

Spinal Cord Injury and Sleep: How Insomnia Affects Pain, Mental Health, and Recovery

Poor sleep is common after spinal cord injury, but insomnia may affect far more than energy. It can influence pain, fatigue, thinking, depression, anxiety, PTSD symptoms, daily function, independence, and overall quality of life. In this episode of Neuro Simplified, we review research on sleep and spinal cord injury rehabilitation. The studies show that insomnia symptoms are highly prevalent in people with spinal cord injury or disease and may be linked to worse physical and psychological outcomes. One meta-analysis found that about 61% of adults with SCI or spinal cord disease reported insomnia symptoms. We also discuss how a poor night of sleep may contribute to worse pain, fatigue, and brain fog the next day, especially in the morning. Additional research found that greater insomnia severity was associated with depression, anxiety, and a higher likelihood of screening positive for PTSD. Finally, we explore how functional independence after spinal cord injury may connect with sleep quality and mental health. Tasks such as feeding, bed mobility, pressure injury prevention, transfers, and activities of daily living may be closely related to psychological well-being. This episode is relevant for physical therapists, occupational therapists, rehabilitation professionals, people living with spinal cord injury, caregivers, and families who want to better understand the role of sleep in SCI recovery. Sources: Carlozzi NE, Freedman J, Troost JP, et al. Daily variation in sleep quality is associated with health-related quality of life in people with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2022;103(2):263-273. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2021.07.803. Kelly MR, Zeineddine S, Mitchell MN, et al. Insomnia severity predicts depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder in veterans with spinal cord injury or disease: a cross-sectional observational study. J Clin Sleep Med. 2023;19(4):695-701. doi:10.5664/jcsm.10410. Morrison A, Dorstyn DS. Insomnia in spinal cord injury: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Sleep Med Rev. 2025;84:102195. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2025.102195. Lee W, Jeong S, Lee BS, Lim JC, Kim O. Association between functional outcomes and psychological variables in persons with spinal cord injury. Sci Rep. 2023;13:23092. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-50252-8. Powered by Google Notebook LM

Children Have Strokes Too: Stroke Diagnosis and Management in Neuro Pediatrics

Stroke is usually thought of as an adult condition, but this review highlights that pediatric stroke can cause serious long-term disability, seizures, motor deficits, language problems, cognitive changes, and even death. One of the biggest challenges is that stroke in children often does not look like the classic adult “BE FAST” presentation. Younger children may present with seizures, fever, vomiting, headache, altered mental status, dizziness, gait changes, or other nonspecific symptoms, which can delay diagnosis. In this episode of Neuro Simplified, we break down why pediatric stroke is so difficult to recognize, the major causes clinicians should know, and why early suspicion matters. We cover arterial ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, cardiac disease, sickle cell disease, thrombophilia, arteriopathies, and craniocervical arterial dissection. We also discuss why pediatric stroke management is not as standardized as adult stroke care and why better protocols are needed for children. Source: Rawanduzy CA, Earl E, Mayer G, Lucke-Wold B. Pediatric stroke: a review of common etiologies and management strategies. Biomedicines. 2023;11(1):2. doi:10.3390/biomedicines11010002. Powered by: Google Notebook LMChildren Have Strokes Too

FND Is Real: Why the Legs Can Move, But Walking Still Breaks Down

Functional gait disorder is one of the most challenging and misunderstood presentations in neuro rehab. It can mimic structural neurologic disease, coexist with neurologic injury, and present with highly variable movement patterns including slow gait, astasia-abasia, knee buckling, dragging gait, dystonic gait, tremulous gait, truncal imbalance, and “walking on ice.” The review by Issak and colleagues emphasizes that functional gait disorder is multidimensional, often involving both motor symptoms and non-motor symptoms such as pain, fatigue, dizziness, fear of falling, anxiety, and depression. We also discuss an 8-week outpatient multidisciplinary FND program that included physiotherapy, CBT, self-management, group physiotherapy, and psychoeducation. Patients who completed the program showed improvements in anxiety, depression, functional impairment, walking speed, Timed Up and Go, and balance measures, although the study was retrospective and did not include a control group. The big takeaway: FND is not fake. Functional walking problems are real nervous-system problems, and rehab may help when it targets both movement and the factors that keep symptoms stuck. Source: Issak S, Kanaan R, Nielsen G, Fini NA, Williams G. Functional gait disorders: clinical presentations, phenotypes and implications for treatment. Brain Inj. 2023;37(5):437-445. doi:10.1080/02699052.2023.2165158 Guy L, Caceres GA, Jackson T, et al. Routine outcomes and evaluation of an 8-week outpatient multidisciplinary rehabilitative therapy program for functional neurological disorder. J Neurol. 2024;271(4):1873-1884. doi:10.1007/s00415-023-12111-4 Powered by: Google Notebook LM