King Leopold’s Rubber Terror: The Congo Free State Atrocities

The Treaty of Fez: How Morocco Lost Its Independence

In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the Treaty of Fez of 1912, which turned Morocco into a French protectorate. They cover the buildup of French influence under foreign minister Théophile Delcassé, the Algeciras Conference of 1906, the Agadir Crisis of 1911, and the eventual treaty imposed on Sultan Abd al-Hafid. They also discuss the role of the German gunboat Panther, the subsequent French resistance led by figures like al-Hiba, and how the partition of Morocco completed the Scramble for Africa. The conversation touches on the legacy of the Moroccan crisis in European diplomacy and its role in heightening tensions before World War I. #TreatyOfFez #Morocco #FrenchProtectorate #AlgecirasConference #AgadirCrisis #Panther #AbdAlHafid #ThéophileDelcassé #ScrambleForAfrica #WorldWarI #1912 #Colonialism #Imperialism #History #FexingoHistory #BerlinConference #MoroccanCrisis #al-Hiba Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

The Herero Genocide and Germany's Colonial Legacy

In 1904, the Herero people of German South West Africa rose up against colonial rule. The German response, ordered by General Lothar von Trotha, was genocide: at the Battle of Waterberg, thousands were driven into the Omaheke desert to die. This episode of The Berlin Conference podcast explores the roots of the Herero-German War, the role of the Schutztruppe and the Maxim gun, and the aftermath including concentration camps like Shark Island where the Nama also suffered. We discuss the Hottentot election of 1907 and the long fight for recognition, culminating in Germany's 2021 apology for what the UN now calls the first genocide of the 20th century. #Herero #Nama #GermanSouthWestAfrica #LotharvonTrotha #BattleofWaterberg #Omaheke #Schutztruppe #MaximGun #SharkIsland #HottentotElection #Genocide #Colonialism #Africa #History #FexingoHistory #BerlinConference #Namibia #1904 Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

The Berlin Conference and the Fashoda Incident

In 1898, a small French expedition under Major Jean-Baptiste Marchand arrived at the remote Sudanese village of Fashoda on the White Nile, only to find a British-Egyptian flotilla under General Herbert Kitchener waiting for them. The tense standoff that followed brought France and Britain to the brink of war in the heart of Africa. This episode explores the Fashoda Incident — the diplomatic crisis that nearly derailed the Scramble for Africa, the personalities of Marchand and Kitchener, and how the resolution reshaped colonial borders. We trace the French march across the Congo Basin, the British push to link Cairo and Cape Town, and the quiet negotiations that averted conflict. Featuring the Marchand Mission, the Kitchener-Marchand meeting, the Faidherbe steamer, King Leopold II's territorial claims, and the final treaties that made Egypt a British protectorate and gave France a free hand in Morocco. #FashodaIncident #MarchandMission #HerbertKitchener #JeanBaptisteMarchand #ScrambleForAfrica #WhiteNile #Sudan #BritishEmpire #FrenchColonialEmpire #1898 #EffectiveOccupation #CongoNileDivide #FaidherbeSteamer #KingLeopoldII #EntenteCordiale #History #FexingoHistory #ColonialHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

The Berlin Conference and the Bombardment of Alexandria 1882

In 1882, Britain bombarded Alexandria and invaded Egypt, setting off a chain of events that reshaped the Scramble for Africa. This episode focuses on the Urabi Revolt, the British naval bombardment under Admiral Beauchamp Seymour, and the decisive battle of Tel el-Kebir under General Garnet Wolseley. We explore the role of the Suez Canal, the dual control of France and Britain over Egyptian finances, the exile of Khedive Tewfik, and the trial of Ahmed Urabi. The episode also examines how Egypt's occupation became the model for 'effective occupation' codified at the Berlin Conference just two years later, and how British control over Egypt accelerated the partition of Africa. #History #FexingoHistory #BerlinConference #ScrambleForAfrica #UrabiRevolt #BombardmentOfAlexandria #TelElKebir #AhmedUrabi #GarnetWolseley #SuezCanal #KhediveTewfik #BritishEmpire #Egypt #1882 #EffectiveOccupation #Imperialism #Colonialism #Podcast Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

The Berlin Conference and the Mahdist War in Sudan

In this episode of The Berlin Conference series, Lucas and Luna explore the Mahdist War in Sudan (1881-1899) and its connection to the Scramble for Africa. They discuss Muhammad Ahmad, who declared himself the Mahdi in 1881 and led a successful revolt against Egyptian-Ottoman rule, culminating in the fall of Khartoum in 1885 and the death of General Charles Gordon. The episode covers the Battle of Omdurman in 1898, where the Anglo-Egyptian army under Herbert Kitchener used Maxim guns and gunboats to crush the Mahdist forces, killing some 11,000 dervishes. They delve into the controversial battle of Fashoda, where Kitchener's forces nearly clashed with the French Marchand Expedition, bringing France and Britain to the brink of war. The Niger Convention of 1898 ultimately resolved the crisis, ceding the Upper Nile and Wadai to Britain and France respectively. The episode also touches on slavery in Mahdist Sudan, the impact of the Mahdiyya on Sudanese identity, and the legacy of the war in shaping modern Sudan. #MahdistWar #MuhammadAhmad #BattleOfOmdurman #GeneralGordon #HerbertKitchener #FashodaIncident #MarchandExpedition #NigerConvention #Sudan #ScrambleForAfrica #MaximGun #Khartoum1885 #AngloEgyptianSudan #Wadai #Berber #EffectiveOccupation #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]