The School of Salamanca and the Birth of International Law

The Spanish Empire's Medical Mission: Smallpox and the Royal Philanthropic Expedition

In 1803, King Charles IV of Spain launched a remarkable mission: the Royal Philanthropic Expedition of the Vaccine, led by Dr. Francisco Javier de Balmis. Over three years, the expedition carried the smallpox vaccine around the globe, using a human chain of orphaned boys as living carriers. From Spain to the Canary Islands, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Mexico, the Philippines, and even Macau and China, the Balmis Expedition became the world's first global public health campaign. But it also faced resistance, ethical questions, and the challenge of preserving a fragile vaccine across oceans. This episode examines the expedition's successes, its forgotten heroes—including Isabel de Zendal, the director of La Coruña's orphanage who ensured the boys were cared for—and its legacy in the history of medicine. We also explore the darker context: how smallpox had been weaponized and devastated the Americas, and how Spain's belated vaccination effort was partly an attempt to protect its increasingly fragile empire. #BalmisExpedition #Smallpox #FranciscoJavierDeBalmis #IsabelDeZendal #RoyalPhilanthropicExpedition #Vaccine #HistoryOfMedicine #Spain #CharlesIV #Enlightenment #PublicHealth #Orphans #GlobalHealth #18thCentury #Philippines #Macau #Empire #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

The Spanish Empire's Lost Colony: Santa Elena and the Struggle for La Florida

Before Jamestown and St. Augustine, Spain built a capital in North America: Santa Elena, on present-day Parris Island, South Carolina. From 1566 to 1587, this outpost was the center of Spain's attempt to control La Florida, a vast territory stretching from the Keys to Newfoundland. We explore the founding by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, the construction of Fort San Felipe and its successor Fort San Marcos, the complex diplomacy with the Cusabo and Guale peoples, and the constant threat from French privateers. The episode also covers the Jesuit mission effort—its martyrs and failures—and the eventual abandonment of Santa Elena due to supply shortages, English raids, and the shifting priorities of Philip II after the Armada. We look at archaeological findings from the 1990s that pinpointed the site, and why this 'lost capital' remains a footnote in American history. The story of Santa Elena reveals Spain's ambitious but ultimately fragile grip on the continent's eastern seaboard, and how a settlement once larger than St. Augustine vanished from the map. #SantaElena #LaFlorida #PedroMenendezDeAviles #SpanishEmpire #ParrisIsland #FortSanFelipe #FortSanMarcos #Cusabo #Guale #JesuitMissions #16thCentury #ColonialAmerica #Archaeology #History #FexingoHistory #SpanishColonization #StAugustine #NewWorld Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

The Spanish Empire's Stolen King: Atahualpa's Ransom

In this episode, Lucas and Luna revisit the pivotal moment when Francisco Pizarro captured the Inca Emperor Atahualpa at Cajamarca in 1532. They explore the mechanics of the ransom—a room filled once with gold and twice with silver—and the political calculations that led to Atahualpa's execution despite its payment. The conversation touches on the role of interpreters like Felipillo, the rivalries among the conquistadors, and the broader implications for the Inca Empire's collapse. Lucas explains how the ransom, worth roughly $1.5 billion today, was melted down and distributed, igniting a gold rush that would reshape the Americas. They also discuss the Spanish Crown's attempts to regulate plunder through the Requerimiento and the Quinto Real, and how the events at Cajamarca became a template for future conquests. This episode offers a focused look at one of history's most famous ransoms and its bloody aftermath. #Atahualpa #FranciscoPizarro #Cajamarca #IncaEmpire #RansomRoom #QuintoReal #Requerimiento #Felipillo #Conquistadors #SpanishEmpire #Gold #Silver #NewWorld #Peru #1532 #History #FexingoHistory #Podcast Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

The Silver Mountain: Potosí and the Birth of Global Currency

Lucas and Luna dive into the story of Cerro Rico, the legendary silver mountain at Potosí that bankrolled the Spanish Empire for centuries. They explore how the discovery of this single mountain in 1545 transformed the global economy, flooding Europe and Asia with silver through the Real de a Ocho, the world's first global currency. The episode examines the brutal mita labor system that extracted the ore, the innovative Patio process that refined it using mercury from Huancavelica, and the environmental devastation left behind. Lucas explains how Potosí's silver fueled Spain's wars, financed the Manila Galleon trade with China, and sparked inflation that destabilized the empire itself. The conversation also touches on the demographic collapse of indigenous communities, the rise of Potosí as one of the world's largest cities in the 17th century, and the legacy of a mountain that still stands as a symbol of exploitation and wealth. A reflective look at how a single resource shaped the modern world. #Potosí #CerroRico #SilverMountain #RealDeAOcho #Mita #Huancavelica #PatioProcess #SpanishEmpire #GlobalCurrency #Inflation #ColonialLabor #ManilaGalleon #Mining #ViceroyaltyOfPeru #IndigenousHistory #Colonialism #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

The Spanish Empire's Forgotten Conquistador: Nuño de Guzmán

In 1530, while Hernán Cortés was governing New Spain, a rival conquistador named Nuño de Guzmán launched a brutal expedition into western Mexico. This episode traces Guzmán's rise and fall: his presidency of the first audiencia, his enslavement of indigenous peoples, the founding of Guadalajara (later moved), and his eventual arrest by the Spanish crown. We explore the P'urhépecha resistance, the Marquesado del Valle, and how Guzmán's cruelty forced the crown to impose stronger legal protections for native peoples. A story of ambition, violence, and the messy birth of colonial institutions. #NuñodeGuzmán #Conquistador #NewSpain #P'urhépecha #Michoacán #Guadalajara #Audiencia #Cortés #MarquesadodelValle #Encomienda #Slavery #LeyesNuevas #16thCentury #SpanishEmpire #ColonialMexico #IndigenousHistory #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]