Shoftim 21: Love in the Age of Judges

I Shmuel 1: Back to Normal

If Judges was all about chaos, Samuel I is all about a return to normalcy. The book of Shmuel begins in the time period of Eli the Kohen Gadol who was also a judge. Eli was blind to the corrupt actions of his sons (sound familiar?). The era of judges was not over yet, but the pendulum is about to swing back. That pendulum manifests in a young woman named Chana. Every year, Chana and her husband and her sister-wife go up to the Mishkan tobring sacrifices. Chana is barren but is the favored wife (sound familiar?).Her husband tries to calm Chana by professing his love for her, but she really wants a child (sound familiar?). So, she goes to the Mishkan and prays with all her heart for a child. Eli sees here moving her lips and thinks she is a drunkard. She tells him that she was simply praying for a child and if she gets a child, she will give him over to God (sound familiar?) by bringing him to Mishkan to serve God. If this story sounds a little familiar, that is intentional. In the background, we have the story of Eli and his corrupt children. That is the Judges thread. In the middle, there is one piece of the story that overlaps- Chana’s promise to dedicate her unborn child to God. This dedication has hints of Samson as a Nazir, but also Yiftach’s promise to dedicate the first thing that comes through his door. Unlike Yiftach, Chana is much more careful with her words and dedicates her son to the service of God. This dedication also matches Avraham. But, again, Chana does not sacrifice her child. In foreground we have a story that is a throwback to Genesis. The story of Chana sounds very much like the stories of the foremothers- Sarah, Rivka, and Rachel. Barren women who want nothing more than to have a child. Chana’s story is very close to Rachel’s story of being the barren, yet most loved of multiple wives. Chana is not only connected to the foremothers. She is also connected to the forefathers. The Talmud in Brachot explains that theforefathers originated the idea of prayer. Abraham taught us shacharit, Yitzchak mincha, and Yaacov maariv.  Each one had a verse that could be interpreted as a time of prayer. The forefathers taught us when to pray. Chana, however, taught us how to pray. Chana is the paradigm of kavana during prayer. The Navi sets this story up to mimic Genesisto signal that the book of Samuel is a new beginning for the Israelites.

Shoftim 21: Love in the Age of Judges

If one looks at chapter 21 with one eye closed, it seems like a very uplifting chapter. The tribe of Benjamin is nearly wiped out, and the other tribes are crestfallen that their fellow tribe may become extinct. But there is an added roadblock: the tribes had vowed that no daughter would be given over to Benjamin as a wife. So the tribes find the one city that did not participate in the vow and give its young maidens over to the last surviving Benjaminites. But these young maidens are not enough to help repopulate the tribe. The rest of the tribes then turn to a local custom in the town near Shiloh. The holiday of Tu B’Av, a holiday of love, is born. Young maidens dance in the fields on the 15th of Av, and the Benjaminites can select their new brides from among them. Everyone then goes back to their tent happy. The chapter ends with the oft-repeated phrase: there was no king in Israel, and everyone did what they pleased. This sounds beautiful, right? The people have mended their ways and learned to work together without the need for a king! The sad reality is that this chapter is much, much darker than this rosy picture. The reason the tribes are in this dilemma is because they massacred an entire tribe—men, women, and children. Only 400 survivors remain. Yes, the tribes took a vow, but that also means they learned nothing from Yiftach about vow annulment. They discover that Yavesh Gilad did not come to fight and did not take the vow. The reward? Yet another massacre, this time meant to free up the 400 virgin maidens of the town. These young women are still not enough, however. So the people turn toward an innocent local custom and allow the Benjaminites to kidnap more young maidens and take them as wives. Now the last two verses make more sense. Despite the last three chapters, the Israelites once again return to their own lands. They do not use this opportunity to unite under a common cause. Everything just goes back to its own place. The nation is rudderless. Without a king, they have descended into chaos. Even a story that sounds beautiful is full of darkness. The book of Judges tells the story of the dark ages of Israelite history. It is a book of redemption, but also of lessons gone unlearned. It is a book of heroes, but also of broken leadership. It is a book of great miracles, but also of fractured connection to God. It is a book of great stories, but also one of repeated mistakes. It is both a book advocating for a monarchy and one that dreads its very existence.

Shoftim 20: Third Time's the Charm

Judges 20 parallels the story of the battle of Ai. After Jericho, the Israelites were overly confident. They battled Ai with a small force and were routed. They returned to Joshua distraught. God reveled that someone had stolen from the booty of Jericho. As a result, the army was doomed to failure. After the Israelites repented, God told them to go again to fight Ai and they would be victorious. They devise an ambush attack wherein one fighting force will draw out the army, and then a second group will enter the unprotected city. The signal there was a pillar of smoke rising up from the city. In chapter 20, the Israelites prepare to attack Benjamin. They approach God and ask who should go first. God responds that Judah should attack first. The Benjaminites defeat Judah despite having a much smaller fighting force. Licking their wounds, the Israelites return to God and ask, “shall we again attack the children of Benjamin our brother?” God responded yes. Once again, the Israelites are routed. The third time they “wept and sat before God and fasted that day until the evening and gave sacrifices before God.” וַיַּעֲלוּ כָל־בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְכָל־הָעָם וַיָּבֹאוּ בֵית־אֵל וַיִּבְכּוּ וַיֵּשְׁבוּ שָׁם לִפְנֵי ה׳ וַיָּצוּמוּ בַיּוֹם־הַהוּא עַד־הָעָרֶב וַיַּעֲלוּ עֹלוֹת וּשְׁלָמִים לִפְנֵי ה׳ (verse 26). They ask again through Pinchas whether they should continue fighting Benjamin, and this time God says yes. They then use the same basic strategy that Joshua used against Ai: one force draws the enemy out, while another waits in ambush and attacks the exposed city. The plan works, which raises the obvious question: why does the Navi frame this civil war as a replay of Ai?Radak explains that the delay was not because God was uncertain, but because the people did not ask properly. They were not speaking to a prophet who could rebuke them, explain the situation, or give broader guidance. They were asking through the Urim V’Tumim, which answers only the question posed. The first time, they ask only which tribe should go first. The second time, they grasp more of the moral weight and ask whether they should attack “our brother Benjamin.” Only the third time do they fast, weep, bring offerings, and ask the full question: should they continue or stop? Only then do they receive the decisive answer.That is the key difference from Ai. After the first defeat at Ai, Joshua could fall before God, plead on behalf of the people, and receive a full explanation. Here, there is no Joshua. There is no national leader with that direct connection to God. The people are forced to communicate through a narrow, question-and-answer channel, almost like a broken telephone. Even their victory is depressing: they defeat Benjamin, but Benjamin is not Canaan. Benjamin is their brother. The Navi borrows the structure of Ai to show how far Israel has fallen. The same military pattern that once defeated an enemy city is now being used in a civil war, by a people who are victorious but leaderless.

Shoftim 19: Sodom Redux

Chapter 19 of Judges mimics Chapter 19 of Genesis and the story of Sodom. Visitors are taken in by someone in a city. In the middle of the night, townsfolk surround the house demanding the visitor be send out for nefarious purposes. Someone inside the house offers up another victim to the crowd. There are countless parallel word choices. For example: “Do not on any account spend the night in the square” (אַל־נָא תָלַן בָּרְחוֹב) (Verse 20) and “But they said, ‘No, we will spend the night in the square’” (וַיֹּאמְרוּ לֹּא כִּי בָרְחוֹב נָלִין) (Genesis 19:2)/ “they bathed their feet and ate and drank” (וַיִּרְחֲצוּ רַגְלֵיהֶם וַיֹּאכְלוּ וַיִּשְׁתּוּ) (verse 21) and “and bathe your feet; then you may be on your way early” (וְרַחֲצוּ רַגְלֵיכֶם וְהִשְׁכַּמְתֶּם וַהֲלַכְתֶּם לְדַרְכְּכֶם) (Genesis 19:2)/ “the men of the town, a depraved lot, had gathered about the house” (אַנְשֵׁי הָעִיר אַנְשֵׁי בְנֵי־בְלִיַּעַל נָסַבּוּ אֶת־הַבַּיִת) (verse 22) and “They had not yet lain down, when the town council [and] the militia of Sodom, young and old alike, the whole assembly without exception—gathered about the house” (טֶרֶם יִשְׁכָּבוּ וְאַנְשֵׁי הָעִיר אַנְשֵׁי סְדֹם נָסַבּוּ עַל־הַבַּיִת מִנַּעַר וְעַד־זָקֵן כָּל־הָעָם מִקָּצֶה) (Genesis 19:4) / “Bring out the man who has come into your house, so that we can know him” (הוֹצֵא אֶת־הָאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר־בָּא אֶל־בֵּיתְךָ וְנֵדָעֶנּוּ) (verse 22) and “Where are the men who came to you tonight? Bring them out to us, that we may be know them” (אַיֵּה הָאֲנָשִׁים אֲשֶׁר־בָּאוּ אֵלֶיךָ הַלָּיְלָה הוֹצִיאֵם אֵלֵינוּ וְנֵדְעָה אֹתָם) (Genesis 19:5)/ “The owner of the house went out” (וַיֵּצֵא אֲלֵיהֶם הָאִישׁ בַּעַל הַבַּיִת) (verse 23) and “So Lot went out to them to the entrance” (וַיֵּצֵא אֲלֵהֶם לוֹט הַפֶּתְחָה) (Genesis 19:6)/ “Please, my friends, do not commit such a wrong” (אַל־אַחַי אַל־תָּרֵעוּ נָא) (verse 23) and “I beg you, my friends, do not commit such a wrong” (אַל־נָא אַחַי תָּרֵעוּ) (Genesis 19:7); “Look, here is my virgin daughter, and his concubine. Let me bring them out to you. Have your pleasure of them, do what you like with them; but don’t do that outrageous thing to this man” (הִנֵּה בִתִּי הַבְּתוּלָה וּפִילַגְשֵׁהוּ אוֹצִיאָה־נָּא אוֹתָם וְעַנּוּ אוֹתָם וַעֲשׂוּ לָהֶם הַטּוֹב בְּעֵינֵיכֶם וְלָאִישׁ הַזֶּה לֹא תַעֲשׂוּ דְבַר הַנְּבָלָה הַזֹּאת) (verse 24) and “Look, I have two daughters who have not known a man. Let me bring them out to you, and you may do to them as you please; but do not do anything to the others” (הִנֵּה־נָא לִי שְׁתֵּי בָנוֹת אֲשֶׁר לֹא־יָדְעוּ אִישׁ אוֹצִיאָה־נָּא אֶתְהֶן אֲלֵיכֶם וַעֲשׂוּ לָהֶן כַּטּוֹב בְּעֵינֵיכֶם רַק לָאֲנָשִׁים הָאֵל אַל־תַּעֲשׂוּ דָבָר) (Genesis 19:8). The Navi intentionally wrote this chapter to reference the evil of Sodom. But there is more. This time, there are no angels to save the family. The man seems completely indifferent to the plight of his concubine. She collapses on the front steps, and he only notices her when he gets up in the morning from a restful sleep and tries to open the door. There is also the added prologue of the aborted stop off in Jerusalem. The man did not want to spend the night in a non-Israelite town. The Navi piles on the messaging here. The man and his concubine would have been safer in the non-Israelite town of Jerusalem. That is how far the Israelites had fallen. On top of that, no one looks good in this story. Both the townsfolk and the man look depraved and indifferent. The message is clear- the nation had fallen so far down that they are evil as Sodom, they are worse then the nations around them.

Shoftim 18: Which Expulsion

In a throwback to the end of Joshua, the tribe of Dan is restless. They are not satisfied with their allotment and decide to go on a reconnaissance mission.  Along the way, they encounter Micha and his priest, idol, and ephod. The Danites take everything and bring it to their newfound land. That land is populated by a tribe of Phoenicians that the text emphasizes were not harming or bothering anyone. The Danites massacre the tribe and take over the land and name it after their forefather Dan. The story end with a cryptic phrase: “The Danites set up the sculptured image for themselves; and Jonathan son of Gershom son of Manasseh and his descendants, served as priests to the Danite tribe until the land went into exile” (וַיָּקִימוּ לָהֶם בְּנֵי־דָן אֶת־הַפָּסֶל וִיהוֹנָתָן בֶּן־גֵּרְשֹׁםבֶּן־מְנַשֶּׁה הוּא וּבָנָיו הָיוּ כֹהֲנִים לְשֵׁבֶט הַדָּנִי עַד־יוֹם גְּלוֹתהָאָרֶץ) (verse 30). Which exile? It would make sense that the text is referring to the exile of the ten northern tribes during the Assyrian assault. This is Rashi’s opinion. The problem is that that will not happen for hundreds of years. According to Baba Basra 14b, Samuel the prophet wrote the book of Judges. Samuel died well before David united the tried under one kingdom, which was hundreds of years before the expulsion of the northern tribes. If Samuel wrote the book, then why (or how) would he reference something that happened hundreds of years after his death? Furthermore, how would David and Shlomo have allowed this idol worship center to persist in the north during their reigns? As to the second question, the Malbim explains that David did remove the idol worship and the “priestly” line of Jonathan repented. When Jerobaam became king of the Northern tribes, he installed a new idol in Dan. He reinstalled the family of Jonathan as the priests of this idol. Radak explains that the expulsion here has to be taken in context of Samuel. Samuel would be talking about the expulsion of the Ark when it was stolen during his lifetime. That is why the text says “expulsion of the land” (גְּלוֹת הָאָרֶץ) and not expulsion of the tribe of Dan or the expulsion of the Northern Kingdom.  Ralbag explains that this expulsion wasspecific to this land of the Danites. This took place at the hands of Yavin theking of Canaan. And that is why Devorah referred in her song “Dan why do youtravel by ships?” (וְדָן לָמָּה יָגוּר אֳנִיּוֹת) (5:17). Neither of the Dan territories was near the water. This must refer to the northern Dan tribe fleeing over the Jordan river after they were expelled and would also mean that this story took place before the story of Devorah earlier in the book.