Blooms and Beyond

Thrips Parvispinus - From Quarantine Crisis to Integrated Solutions with Dr. Alexandra Revynthi

THRIPS PARVISPINUS — FROM QUARANTINE CRISIS TO INTEGRATED SOLUTIONS When an invasive thrips species arrived in Florida and shut down nurseries overnight, Dr. Alexandra Revynthi and her team raced to find answers within a 48-hour window. This is the story of that research — and the integrated solutions that followed. EPISODE DESCRIPTION What happens when a single insect — just one — can place an entire nursery under quarantine? That’s the reality Florida ornamental growers faced when Thrips parvispinus arrived. In this episode, Dr. Ping Yu sits down with Dr. Alexandra Revynthi, assistant professor of ornamental entomology and acarology at the University of Florida’s Tropical Research and Education Center, to explore the science behind managing one of the most challenging invasive pests to hit the ornamental industry in recent years. Alexandra shares her remarkable journey from collecting flowers at her grandmother’s house in Greece at age 11 to becoming a leading researcher in ornamental pest management — with a surprising detour through mites and roses in Amsterdam along the way. Together, Ping and Alexandra dive deep into the practical research that’s giving growers real tools: from the lab screening that identified which products actually work against this pest, to an innovative dip treatment approach that lets propagators start clean. Whether you’re a grower battling thrips in your operation, a student fascinated by entomology, or a plant enthusiast who wants to know why that gardenia looks a little rough — this episode is packed with plant power and practical wisdom. Listen Time: 48:19 View this Episode’s Transcript [https://bandbpod.com/pages/thrips-parvispinus-ipm-with-dr-alexandra-revynthi-blooms-and-beyond-s01e12] Consulte las Notas del Programa [https://site.caes.uga.edu/yulab/blooms-beyond-a-podcast-that-uncovers-plant-history-culture-and-management-through-the-lens-of-science/trips-parvispinus-de-crisis-de-cuarentena-a-soluciones-integradas/] IN THIS EPISODE GUEST Dr. Alexandra Revynthi — Assistant Professor, Ornamental Entomology and Acarology, University of Florida Tropical Research and Education Center. Originally from Greece, Dr. Revynthi specializes in developing integrated pest management programs for pests of ornamental plants. Her research on Thrips parvispinus has provided critical tools for Florida’s ornamental industry during a quarantine crisis. Favorite plant: Phalaenopsis orchids. MAIN TOPICS * Meet Dr. Alexandra Revynthi — from Greece to Florida (01:14) * The chickpea connection: what’s in a name? (02:21) * From age 11 to acarologist: Alexandra’s journey to entomology (03:48) * Finding the world’s best mite scientist in Amsterdam (05:47) * Alexandra’s research program at UF TREC (07:36) * Thrips parvispinus arrives in Florida — “here we go again” (08:46) * The quarantine crisis: one insect shuts down a nursery (17:54) * Lab screening: 22 conventional + 11 biorational products tested (20:11) * Top-performing products: chlorfenapyr, XXpire, abamectin (24:27) * Biorational alternatives: mineral oil and sesame oil (26:15) * The scouting-first approach and rotation strategy (32:08) * Host plant favorites: bell pepper, gardenia, mandevilla (34:07) * Dip treatment innovation: start the crop clean (36:21) * Research gaps: integrating biological control (40:52) * New challenge: the two-spot cotton leafhopper (42:59) * Alexandra’s favorite plant: Phalaenopsis orchids (44:14) * AFE resources and closing (46:39) KEY HIGHLIGHTS * The 48-hour research window. When quarantine regulations gave growers just 48 hours to eradicate the pest and request reinspection, Alexandra’s team designed lab assays specifically around that timeline — and shared results with growers immediately rather than waiting for publication. * Old chemistry doesn’t work. Products that were highly effective against western flower thrips failed against Thrips parvispinus — explaining why growers’ initial management efforts were unsuccessful. * Three products that stood out. Chlorfenapyr (Pylon/Piston) was the top performer with 100% mortality. XXpire (sulfoxaflor + spinetoram) and abamectin (Avid) also showed strong results across lab and greenhouse trials. * Biorational options for rotation. Mineral oil (3%) and sesame oil formulations showed unexpected efficacy as residue treatments, offering non-synthetic rotation options — particularly valuable during fall and winter months. * Start clean with dip treatments. Treating cuttings before sticking with Suffoil-X (mineral oil at 2%) dislodged over 80% of thrips and caused no phytotoxicity — an innovative approach using Canada’s experience with western flower thrips as a model. * The beating method. A simple, practical scouting technique: white paper on a board, tap the canopy, look for the characteristic two-color pattern (golden yellow vs. dark brown/black). * Researcher vs. grower perspective. Fast lifecycle is great for researchers (quick results) but terrible for growers (rapid damage before you even see the pest). KEY QUOTES > “My parents always thought, she’s 11, she’s going to change her mind. It’s too early, but I didn’t. And I’m happy that I didn’t.” > — Dr. Alexandra Revynthi, on deciding to become an agronomist > “When the thrips arrived, we were like, ‘Okay, here we go again.’” > — Dr. Alexandra Revynthi, on Florida’s constant battle with invasive pests > “At that time, a single individual was enough to place a nursery under quarantine. Only one insect.” > — Dr. Alexandra Revynthi, on the quarantine threshold > “For the growers, definitely, it’s one of the worst nightmares that you can get from a pest because you cannot even see them. You only see the damage when the plants cannot be saved anymore.” > — Dr. Ping Yu > “We always encourage them to do the beating method.” > — Dr. Alexandra Revynthi, on practical scouting for Thrips parvispinus EDUCATIONAL HIGHLIGHTS * Thrips parvispinus (common name: short spine thrips, also called pepper thrips in Europe) — An invasive thrips species first officially reported in Florida in 2020. Smaller than western flower thrips. Distinguished by its two-color pattern: golden yellow thorax and darker brown/black abdomen. * Acarology — The scientific study of mites and ticks. Dr. Revynthi is one of a limited number of mite specialists in the United States. * Biorational insecticides — Insecticides derived from natural resources, including botanical insecticides (plant-derived active ingredients), mineral/petroleum-based oils, and microbial insecticides (fungi or bacteria-based formulations like Beauveria bassiana). * The beating method — A field scouting technique: place a white piece of paper on a board, gently tap the plant canopy over it, and examine the dislodged insects with a magnifying lens to identify potential thrips. * Dip treatment — A propagation technique where cuttings are immersed in a pesticide solution before being stuck (planted for rooting). Not all products are labeled for dip use — the label must specifically permit it. * Suffoil-X — A mineral oil product that received an emergency exemption for dip treatment use against Thrips parvispinus in the US. Already labeled for dipping in Canada. * Entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes — Organisms that naturally infect and kill insects. Dr. Revynthi’s team has identified several as potential biocontrol agents against Thrips parvispinus. * Photodegradation — The breakdown of chemical compounds by light, which can reduce the effectiveness of some insecticides (like abamectin) in greenhouse settings compared to controlled lab conditions. RESOURCES & LINKS * Website: bandbpod.com [https://bandbpod.com/@bloomsandbeyond] * AFE Thrips and Botrytis Research Library: endowment.org/resource/tb [https://endowment.org/resource/tb] — Additional Thrips parvispinus and botrytis resources from the American Floral Endowment * American Floral Endowment: endowment.org [https://endowment.org] — Research and educational resources for the floral industry * UF TREC Thrips parvispinus webpage — Webinars, research results, and product evaluation data (link in show notes at bandbpod.com [https://trec.ifas.ufl.edu/people/alexandra-revynthi/thrips-parvispinus/]) * Contact your local extension office [https://extension.uga.edu/county-offices.html] for thrips identification assistance ABOUT BLOOMS AND BEYOND Blooms and Beyond explores plant history, culture, and management through the lens of science. Whether you’re a commercial grower seeking practical solutions, a student exploring careers in horticulture, or simply someone who loves plants and their stories, there’s something here for you. Hosted by Dr. Ping Yu of the University of Georgia, each episode features interviews with experts who share enchanting stories, cutting-edge research, and practical wisdom from the world of horticulture. Your benefit: After each episode, commercial growers will have at least one useful tip for their operation, and plant enthusiasts will have an interesting fact to share. That’s how we spread plant power to more people and make our environment a little better. CREDITS Host: Dr. Ping Yu Producer: Rich Braman Guest: Dr. Alexandra Revynthi, University of Florida Tropical Research and Education Center Support: American Floral Endowment Educational Grant Episode Release Date: April 12, 2026 Episode Length: 48:19 “Till next time, stay healthy and go plants!” 🌱

Science Translators on the Front Lines: Urban Extension in Metro Atlanta with Gabrielle LaTora and Eric Marlowe

SCIENCE TRANSLATORS ON THE FRONT LINES: URBAN EXTENSION IN METRO ATLANTA WITH GABRIELLE LATORA AND ERIC MARLOWE EPISODE DESCRIPTION What happens when two self-described suburban kids with a hunger for nature end up as county extension agents in Georgia’s most populous counties? In this episode, Dr. Ping Yu sits down with Gabrielle LaTora (UGA Extension, Fulton County) and Eric Marlowe (UGA Extension, Gwinnett County) for a wide-ranging conversation about the land-grant university system, the role of extension agents as “science translators,” and the surprising diversity of agriculture happening in metro Atlanta. From the Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890 to the modern challenges of soil contamination and stormwater management in urban food production, Gabrielle and Eric share their winding paths to extension, what a typical work week looks like, and why — in an age of AI and information overload — having a real person to talk to matters more than ever. Along the way, you’ll hear about mealworm protein powder in shipping containers, equine production rankings that shocked even the local agent, and why every extension agent eventually has to learn about lawns. Listen Time: 60:44 IN THIS EPISODE GUESTS * Gabrielle LaTora — Agriculture and Natural Resources Agent, UGA Extension Fulton County. Entomologist by training, passionate about small-scale urban farming and supporting metro Atlanta’s diverse agricultural community. * Eric Marlowe — Agriculture and Natural Resources Agent, UGA Extension Gwinnett County. Landscape architecture graduate (UGA, 2012) turned extension agent, with interests in green industry workforce development and reconnecting urban communities with nature. MAIN TOPICS * Gabrielle and Eric’s meandering paths to extension (01:03) * Growing up without gardens — how suburban kids found agriculture (04:05) * Discovering extension: Eric’s wife pointed him to it; Gabrielle found it in grad school (10:48) * The land-grant university story: Morrill Acts of 1862, 1890, and 1994 (16:04) * Georgia’s dual land-grant system: UGA and Fort Valley State (19:00) * The three pillars: teaching, research, and extension (20:41) * Extension in the age of AI: the value of evidence-based, unbiased information (21:54) * What extension actually does: soil testing, Master Gardeners, 4-H, and more (25:14) * A typical work week for a metro county agent (32:22) * Identifying stakeholder needs in urban counties (36:54) * Fulton County’s surprise: equine production ranked #1 in Georgia (44:07) * Unique urban challenges: soil contamination and stormwater management (45:21) * Green industry and workforce development in Gwinnett County (48:02) * Skills every agent needs — and why lawns keep coming up (51:13) * One sentence for the audience (56:23) KEY HIGHLIGHTS * Dream jobs from unexpected paths. Both Gabrielle and Eric describe extension as their “dream job,” despite neither knowing what extension was until well into adulthood. Gabrielle found it through grad school at University of Florida; Eric’s wife discovered it during an internet search during his career pivot. * The land-grant system explained. The episode delivers an accessible primer on the Morrill Acts, the Smith-Lever Act, and how the three-pillar model (teaching, research, extension) deploys agents into every Georgia county as “science translators” — or, as Dr. Kemwright calls them, “the tip of the spear.” * Urban agriculture is more diverse than you think. Fulton County alone has small-scale urban farms, equine facilities, community gardens, cut flowers, indoor farming, hay and forage, nursery operations, and even a mealworm producer growing mealworms in a shipping container to process into protein powder. * Extension vs. AI. Both agents make a compelling case for extension’s relevance in the information age: when you can’t tell whether a YouTube video or AI summary is backed by science, extension provides evidence-based, unbiased recommendations from a real person you can talk to. * Data-driven programming. Gabrielle shares how reviewing the USDA Census of Agriculture revealed Fulton County ranked #1 in Georgia and 42nd nationally in equine production — a sector she wasn’t addressing — leading her to add a new initiative on sustainable forage production. KEY QUOTES > “We’ve got to have all these smart, creative people doing research and generating knowledge, but then it really doesn’t mean anything if there isn’t somebody to communicate that to the public.” > — Gabrielle LaTora (01:48) > “I’m like the Mouth of Sauron. I just, you know, with the university.” > — Eric Marlowe (10:55) > “Those people are the science translators for the university.” > — Gabrielle LaTora (13:43) > “How do we reconnect these human beings to this most human of all practices, which is cultivate the land in some way, shape or form.” > — Eric Marlowe (49:37) > “All the stuff that AI that we’re apparently in competition with as ag agents, most of the stuff they’re pulling on is stuff that Extension already published. Cut away the nonsense and get to the source.” > — Eric Marlowe (58:39) EDUCATIONAL HIGHLIGHTS * Land-Grant Universities: Established by the Morrill Acts of 1862 (general), 1890 (historically Black colleges and universities), and 1994 (tribal institutions). Georgia has two land-grant universities: the University of Georgia (1862) and Fort Valley State University (1890), each with its own extension system. * The Three Pillars: All land-grant institutions operate on a three-pillar model — teaching, research, and extension. Extension is the system that distributes university-generated knowledge into communities throughout the state. * Smith-Lever Act (1914): Formally established the cooperative extension system housed at land-grant universities, deploying agents into counties across the nation. * Cooperative Extension: Called “cooperative” because the land-grant university cooperates with county government (and sometimes school boards). Counties provide resources like office space, IT, and equipment; agents are accountable to both the university and county commissioners. * The Three Program Areas: Agriculture and Natural Resources (A&NR) handles everything outside the home; Family and Consumer Sciences (FACS) handles everything inside the home; 4-H serves youth. There is significant crossover among the three. * Master Gardener Extension Volunteer Program: A major pipeline through which the public discovers extension. Master Gardener volunteers extend the reach of county agents into communities in ways a single agent never could. * Soil Contamination in Urban Agriculture: A significant challenge for urban food producers. Unknown land-use histories (industrial sites, arsenic-treated wood structures, highway proximity) create food safety concerns. Testing methodology for contamination differs from standard fertility testing, and mitigation (e.g., raised beds with imported potting mix) can be prohibitively expensive. RESOURCES & LINKS * Blooms and Beyond: bandbpod.com [https://bandbpod.com] * UGA Extension — Find Your Local Office: Contact your county extension office for free, evidence-based information on agriculture, horticulture, and natural resources. * UGA Center for Urban Agriculture (Griffin, GA): Home of the Georgia Certified Landscape Professional and Georgia Certified Plant Professional programs. * Food Well Alliance: Organization serving metro Atlanta counties, supporting local food systems and urban agriculture. * The Reluctant Farmer — Book mentioned by Eric Marlowe on the history of extension and its relationship with the farmers it serves. * Jean-Martin Fortier, The Market Gardener — Book mentioned by Eric on small-scale organic farming, influential in his journey. * USDA Census of Agriculture: National agricultural data published periodically; the most recent edition (referenced in episode) was released after a gap since 2017. ABOUT BLOOMS AND BEYOND Blooms and Beyond explores plant history, culture, and management through the lens of science. Whether you’re a commercial grower seeking practical solutions, a student exploring careers in horticulture, or simply someone who loves plants and their stories, there’s something here for you. Hosted by Dr. Ping Yu of the University of Georgia, each episode features interviews with experts who share enchanting stories, cutting-edge research, and practical wisdom from the world of horticulture. Your benefit: After each episode, commercial growers will have at least one useful tip for their operation, and plant enthusiasts will have an interesting fact to share. That’s how we spread plant power to more people and make our environment a little better. CREDITS Host: Dr. Ping Yu Producer: Rich Braman Guests: Gabrielle LaTora, Agriculture and Natural Resources Agent, UGA Extension Fulton County; Eric Marlowe, Agriculture and Natural Resources Agent, UGA Extension Gwinnett County Episode Release Date: March 29th, 2026 Episode Length: 60:44 “Till next time, stay healthy and go plants!” 🌱

Botrytis Blight: Gray Mold, Calcium Shields, and Building a Better Box with Dr. Jim Faust

BLOOMS AND BEYOND - SEASON 1, EPISODE 10 EPISODE TITLE: “Botrytis Blight: Gray Mold, Calcium Shields, and Building a Better Box” ---------------------------------------- EPISODE DESCRIPTION What if the key to fighting one of floriculture’s most persistent enemies isn’t a fungicide — but a nutrient you can buy for $2 an acre? In this episode, host Dr. Ping Yu sits down with Dr. Jim Faust of Clemson University to tackle botrytis blight, the gray mold that haunts greenhouses and shipping boxes alike. Jim brings eight years of hands-on botrytis research and a passion for poinsettias that’s turning into a book. From the disease triangle to the surprising power of calcium chloride sprays, Jim walks growers through practical, cost-effective strategies for managing this ubiquitous pathogen. Along the way, you’ll discover why botrytis mutates so aggressively, how a half-sprayed petunia flower proved calcium’s protective power, and why zinnia petals might be secretly doing photosynthesis. Whether you’re a commercial grower battling spring meltdowns or a plant enthusiast curious about the science behind disease management, this episode delivers both practical wisdom and fascinating plant biology. Listen Time: 48:51 Consulte las Notas del Programa [https://site.caes.uga.edu/yulab/blooms-beyond-a-podcast-that-uncovers-plant-history-culture-and-management-through-the-lens-of-science/blooms-and-beyond-temporada-1-episodio-10/] Read the Transcript for this Episode [https://bandbpod.com/pages/botrytis-blight-gray-mold-calcium-shields-and-building-a-better-box] ---------------------------------------- IN THIS EPISODE GUEST * Dr. Jim Faust — Professor of Floriculture, Clemson University. Career-long floriculturist with eight years of botrytis research in partnership with the American Floral Endowment. Currently writing a book on the domestication history of the poinsettia. MAIN TOPICS Meet Jim Faust (00:55) Jim’s lifelong career in floriculture, childhood gardens with a mother who counted 200 deadheaded petunias a day, and how he met Ping at an AFE National Floral Forum meeting. Plant Spotlight: Poinsettias (03:16) Jim’s favorite plant and its remarkable domestication journey — from a 12–15 foot shrub in Mexico to the #1 or #2 potted flowering plant in the U.S. with only a four-to-five-week market window. Why breeders target production traits like heat tolerance rather than appearance, and the book Jim is writing to tell this “fantastic story.” What Is Botrytis Blight? (08:19) The causal organism Botrytis cinerea, the disease triangle (pathogen + environment + susceptible host), and why greenhouses create a “perfect storm” for infection. Jim explains why botrytis is omnipresent, can never be eradicated, and thrives in the high 60s to low 70s with high humidity. How Botrytis Spreads and What to Look For (13:32) Airborne spore dispersal, the critical role of sanitation, and early detection: small beige-colored lesions on petals. Jim describes botrytis as a necrotroph that devours cells as it grows, and explains the dreaded “petunia flower meltdown” that occurs during shipping. Biorationals vs. Traditional Chemicals (22:42) Why fungicide resistance is such a serious problem with botrytis (aggressive asexual mutation), and how biorationals can extend the useful life of chemical fungicides by interrupting rotation schedules. Jim walks through five categories: biocontrol agents, biofungicides, plant extracts/essential oils, systemic acquired resistance (SAR) products, and plant nutrients. Calcium: The Nutrient Defense (29:52) Jim’s signature research area. Why flower petals have only 5% of the calcium found in leaves, how calcium strengthens cell walls to resist fungal penetration, and the practical recommendation: calcium chloride sprays at 500–1,000 ppm, tank-mixed with other products, for about $2 per acre. The half-sprayed petunia experiment that proved coverage matters. Current Research Projects (41:20) Three exciting projects: (1) Itersonilia, a little-studied disease hitting gerbera daisy, chrysanthemum, and sunflower cut flower growers; (2) building better shipping boxes for unrooted cuttings to reduce ethylene damage; (3) post-harvest longevity for domestic cut flowers — including the discovery that zinnia petals do photosynthesis and storing them under cheap LEDs dramatically improves vase life. KEY HIGHLIGHTS * Botrytis has no sexual stage — it mutates aggressively, making fungicide resistance inevitable with repeated applications * Calcium chloride at 500–1,000 ppm is an inexpensive, effective tool (~$2/acre) that strengthens cell walls against fungal penetration * The “half-flower experiment”: one side sprayed with calcium resists botrytis while the unsprayed side succumbs * Zinnia petals are green on the underside, have stomata, and appear to photosynthesize — storing cut zinnias under low-level LED light (100 foot candles) dramatically extends vase life * Poinsettia is one of the top potted flowering plants in the U.S. despite being sold in only a four-to-five-week window ---------------------------------------- KEY QUOTES > “There’s no such thing as a bad plant, but I have a soft spot for poinsettias.” — Dr. Jim Faust > “With every application of a fungicide, you are selecting for resistance.” — Dr. Jim Faust > “There’s nothing easier than spraying a chemical. It gets awfully complicated when we go to bio-based products.” — Dr. Jim Faust > “The best strategy is to prevent them from happening so that you don’t have to deal with the big issue or the big trouble.” — Dr. Ping Yu ---------------------------------------- EDUCATIONAL HIGHLIGHTS The Disease Triangle Three conditions must be present simultaneously for disease to occur: (1) the pathogen, (2) a conducive environment, and (3) a susceptible host. For botrytis in greenhouses, all three are almost always present — making management, not eradication, the realistic goal. Botrytis cinerea — Gray Mold A ubiquitous, airborne fungal pathogen that causes gray mold (botrytis blight). It is a necrotroph, meaning it kills and devours plant cells as it spreads. It thrives in temperatures around 65–70°F with high humidity, but can grow even in 40°F coolers. The pathogen reproduces asexually and mutates aggressively, leading to rapid fungicide resistance development. Biorationals — Five Categories 1. Biocontrol agents — living organisms applied to plant tissue (trickiest to use; prefer soil over aerial environments) 2. Biofungicides — biologically derived compounds that act like fungicides (not living; more straightforward) 3. Plant extracts / essential oils — can be effective (e.g., thyme oil) but risk phytotoxicity 4. Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) products — trigger the plant’s own defense mechanisms (take time to work; energy cost to the plant) 5. Plant nutrients — especially calcium, which strengthens cell walls and may serve as a stress signal Calcium and Cell Wall Defense Flower petals accumulate very little calcium compared to leaves (as low as 0.05% vs. 1% in leaves) because petals lack stomata and don’t transpire much water. Calcium chloride sprays at 500–1,000 ppm applied weekly — especially before periods of high botrytis risk — strengthen cell walls and reduce fungal penetration. This is the same principle behind blossom end rot in tomatoes: breeding for larger fruit without sufficient calcium transport creates vulnerability. Zinnia Post-Harvest Discovery Zinnia petals are green on the underside and contain stomata, suggesting they perform photosynthesis. Storing harvested zinnias under low-level LED light (~100 foot candles / 20 µmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹) in the low 60s°F preserves vase life significantly better than dark storage. This could help domestic cut flower growers accumulate inventory for farmer’s markets by cutting over multiple days. ---------------------------------------- RESOURCES & LINKS Visit the Show: * Website: bandbpod.com * Show notes and additional resources at bandbpod.com AFE Resources: * AFE Thrips and Botrytis Research Library: endowment.org/resource/tb * American Floral Endowment: endowment.org Get Involved: * Subscribe to the podcast * Leave a review * Share with fellow plant lovers * Support the show (details at bandbpod.com) Funding: This episode is supported by the American Floral Endowment Educational Grant, whose research priorities helped shape the topics that are featured. To learn more about AFE and access their research and educational resources, visit endowment.org. ---------------------------------------- ABOUT BLOOMS AND BEYOND Blooms and Beyond explores plant history, culture, and management through the lens of science. Whether you’re a commercial grower seeking practical solutions, a student exploring careers in horticulture, or simply someone who loves plants and their stories, there’s something here for you. Hosted by Dr. Ping Yu of the University of Georgia, each episode features interviews with experts who share enchanting stories, cutting-edge research, and practical wisdom from the world of horticulture. Your benefit: After each episode, commercial growers will have at least one useful tip for their operation, and plant enthusiasts will have an interesting fact to share. That’s how we spread plant power to more people and make our environment a little better. ---------------------------------------- CREDITS Host: Dr. Ping Yu Guest: Dr. Jim Faust, Professor of Floriculture, Clemson University Producer: Rich Braman Support: American Floral Endowment Educational Grant Episode Release Date: March 15, 2026 Episode Length: 48:51 ---------------------------------------- “Till next time, stay healthy and go plants!” 🌱

Hopping Into Action: Clemson Scientists Tackle the Two-Spotted Cotton Leafhopper with Drs. Zee Ahmed and Tom Bilbo

BLOOMS AND BEYOND - SEASON 1, EPISODE 9 EPISODE TITLE: “Hopping Into Action: Clemson Scientists Tackle the Two-Spotted Cotton Leafhopper” ---------------------------------------- EPISODE DESCRIPTION What happens when a tiny, five-millimeter insect from the Old World shows up uninvited across the American Southeast — and starts hammering everything from cotton fields to backyard hibiscus? In this urgent and information-packed episode, Dr. Ping Yu sits down with two Clemson University entomologists — Dr. Zee Ahmed and Dr. Tom Bilbo — to break down one of the most pressing pest threats facing the green industry, vegetable growers, and cotton producers right now: the two-spotted cotton leafhopper. From Zee’s globe-spanning journey through Pakistan, China, South Africa, and beyond to Tom’s transformation from a spider-fearing kid to an insect-loving scientist, you’ll hear the personal stories behind the expertise. Then, the conversation dives deep into what growers need to know: how to spot this pest, why hibiscus may be driving its spread, and what early research is revealing about control strategies. The message? The sky is not falling — but scouting, scouting, and scouting is essential. Whether you’re a commercial nursery grower worried about quarantine, an okra farmer watching your plants wilt, or just someone curious about how scientists respond to an emerging invasive pest in real time, this episode delivers the practical wisdom and collaborative spirit that makes plant science so powerful. Listen Time: ~55 minutes Read the Transcript for this Episode [https://bandbpod.com/pages/the-two-spotted-cotton-leafhopper-an-urgent-conversation-with-clemsons-entomologists] ---------------------------------------- IN THIS EPISODE MEET YOUR GUESTS * Dr. Zee Ahmed — Assistant Professor, Turf and Ornamental Entomology, Clemson University. Focus: sustainable pest management that is safe and cost-effective. Journey: Pakistan → Guangzhou, China → Pretoria, South Africa → University of Florida → FL Department of Agriculture → USDA Fort Pierce → Clemson. * Dr. Tom Bilbo — Assistant Professor, Vegetable and Strawberry Entomology, Clemson University, Coastal Research and Education Center, Charleston, SC. Focus: biological control, insecticide resistance, and improving insecticide use. Journey: Denison University → studied abroad in Ecuador → PhD at Clemson. PERSONAL JOURNEYS (01:12 – 07:41) * Zee’s memories of collecting dragonflies in primary school in Pakistan * Tom’s childhood fear of spiders — turned into a love of entomology through a great college teacher (Tom Schultz) and studying abroad * Zee’s remarkable academic journey across four continents and three postdoctoral stops * A funny detour: learning “duōshao qián” (“how much?”) before “nǐ hǎo” to bargain in Chinese markets HOW THEY FOUND THE PEST (07:47 – 12:56) * Francis Reay-Jones bringing a cotton sample to Zee’s office — the first alert * A hibiscus grower at a farmer’s market with over 100 infested plants * Tom’s experience: the pest appeared in South Carolina seemingly overnight, found on nearly every okra farm * Agent Zach Snipes surveying counties and discovering widespread infestation * Timeline: first reported in the Caribbean, then Florida (2024), now across most Southeastern states (2025) * Comparison to thrips parvispinus quarantine situation in Florida BIOLOGY AND IDENTIFICATION (13:01 – 24:08) * Adult size: less than 5 mm with two distinctive black spots on posterior wings * Five nymphal instars, each lasting 2–3 days on hibiscus * Egg to adult development: approximately 2–3 weeks on hibiscus * Males live ~13–14 days; females live slightly longer * Eggs laid inside the leaf — invisible to the naked eye * Damage symptom: “hopper burn” — yellowing, curling, wilting of leaves * Host range: polyphagous, with strong preference for Malvaceae family (cotton, hibiscus, okra) and Solanaceae (eggplant); also found on cucurbits (zucchini) * Why hibiscus matters: ornamental trade moves plants (and the pest) across regions — a potential dispersal driver SCOUTING AND DETECTION (24:12 – 36:12) * Start with symptom observation: yellowing, wilting, curling * Flip leaves — look at the underside along the midrib for tiny yellowish nymphs * Adults hop away when disturbed; immatures move side-to-side in a distinctive way * Hand lens (10–30x) essential for early detection * Weekly scouting critical because eggs hatch in 6–9 days and are invisible * Sticky cards: Tom’s student Sabina Parajuli found strong correlation between sticky card counts and plant counts in a zucchini trial — promising monitoring tool * Equip yourself with Zee’s GrowerTalks field guide before scouting MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES (36:17 – 49:44) * Cultural practices: Still early — scouting and inspecting incoming plant material are the top recommendations; cover crop residue showed fewer leafhoppers in preliminary data; mulch trials for thrips parvispinus suggest possible crossover strategies; variety resistance data anticipated in the future * Biological control: Limited data; conserve natural enemies (lady beetles and other predators observed); avoid broad-spectrum insecticides (especially pyrethroids) * Chemical control: Six treatments tested on hibiscus using different IRAC groups (contact, translaminar, systemic); translaminars and systemics performed better against nymphs; most products effective against adults; key principle — match treatment to life stage; follow-up sprays needed because eggs survive initial application; results published in GrowerTalks (December issue) * The bottom line from Zee: “Sky is not falling. We can control this pest based on our trial.” FUTURE PLANS: A COLLABORATIVE RESPONSE (49:50 – 53:53) * Clemson’s internal coordination: Zee (ornamentals), Tom (vegetables), Francis Reay-Jones and Jeremy Green (cotton) * Building a multi-state Southeast working group with researchers from Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina * Lab bioassays for deeper efficacy testing * Extension articles and social media outreach * Tom’s vision: quickly generating recommendations on insecticides, mulches, cultivar susceptibility, and seasonal timing through collaborative research ---------------------------------------- KEY QUOTES > “So yes, I was a nerdy nature guy.” — Dr. Zee Ahmed, on collecting dragonflies as a child in Pakistan > “I was afraid of spiders and I had my parents do a spider check in my room, you know, every night. But now I love spiders.” — Dr. Tom Bilbo > “Sky is not falling. We can control this pest based on our trial.” — Dr. Zee Ahmed > “Scouting, scouting, and scouting.” — Dr. Zee Ahmed, on the most important thing growers can do right now > “A lot of people didn’t realize what the problem was until one of our agents would get out there and be like, you have the new invasive. It’s here.” — Dr. Tom Bilbo ---------------------------------------- EDUCATIONAL HIGHLIGHTS What Is the Two-Spotted Cotton Leafhopper? An invasive pest (less than 5 mm) originally from the Old World, identified by two distinctive black spots on its posterior wings. It attacks plants in the Malvaceae family (cotton, hibiscus, okra), Solanaceae (eggplant), and has been found on cucurbits. First reported in the U.S. in 2024, it has spread across most Southeastern states. What Is “Hopper Burn”? The characteristic damage caused by leafhoppers feeding on plant tissue — symptoms include yellowing, browning, curling, and wilting of leaves. On hibiscus, the burn may be less severe than on cotton but still renders plants unsaleable. Why Can’t You See the Eggs? Unlike many pests, this leafhopper lays its eggs inside the leaf tissue, making them invisible from the outside. This means a plant can look clean but still harbor the next generation — which is why regular scouting (at least weekly) is critical. IRAC Groups and Mode of Action IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee) classifies insecticides by how they work. Zee’s trial tested contact, translaminar (penetrates leaf tissue), and systemic (moves through the plant) products. Rotating between different IRAC groups helps prevent the pest from developing resistance. What Are Sticky Cards? Yellow adhesive cards placed in fields or nurseries to trap flying insects. Tom’s research suggests they could be a practical early-detection tool for two-spotted cotton leafhoppers, especially because the pest is so small and hard to spot visually. ---------------------------------------- RESOURCES & LINKS Visit the Show: * Website: bandbpod.com * Show notes and additional resources at bandbpod.com Mentioned in This Episode: * Zee Ahmed and colleagues’ field guide for two-spotted cotton leafhopper on hibiscus — published in GrowerTalks (December issue, available online) * Clemson University Cooperative Extension resources Get Involved: * Subscribe to the podcast * Leave a review * Share with fellow growers, researchers, and plant lovers * Support the show (details at bandbpod.com) ---------------------------------------- ABOUT BLOOMS AND BEYOND Blooms and Beyond explores plant history, culture, and management through the lens of science. Whether you’re a commercial grower seeking practical solutions, a student exploring careers in horticulture, or simply someone who loves plants and their stories, there’s something here for you. Hosted by Dr. Ping Yu of the University of Georgia, each episode features interviews with experts who share enchanting stories, cutting-edge research, and practical wisdom from the world of horticulture. Your benefit: After each episode, commercial growers will have at least one useful tip for their operation, and plant enthusiasts will have an interesting fact to share. That’s how we spread plant power to more people and make our environment a little better. ---------------------------------------- CREDITS Host: Dr. Ping Yu Producer: Rich Braman Guests: Dr. Zee Ahmed (Clemson University) and Dr. Tom Bilbo (Clemson University) Episode Release Date: March 1st, 2026 Episode Length: 55:18 ---------------------------------------- “Till next time, stay healthy and go plants!” 🌱

Mite Watch: Spider Mite Management Secrets from 45 Years in the Greenhouse with Dr. Lance Osborne

BLOOMS AND BEYOND - SEASON 1, EPISODE 8 EPISODE TITLE: “Mite Watch: Spider Mite Management Secrets from 45 Years in the Greenhouse with Dr. Lance Osborne” ---------------------------------------- EPISODE DESCRIPTION What do you get when you combine 45 years of greenhouse research, a PhD on whiteflies, and an unstoppable curiosity about every tiny creature crawling through Florida’s ornamental industry? You get Dr. Lance Osborne—one of the true icons of greenhouse pest management. In this episode, Dr. Ping Yu sits down with her former colleague at the University of Florida’s Mid-Florida Research and Education Center (MREC) to dig deep into the world of spider mites. From their rapid life cycles and sneaky dispersal tactics to the “six-bullet” chemical rotation strategy and the power of predatory mites like californicus and persimilis, Lance brings decades of field-tested wisdom that every grower can put to work. Along the way, you’ll hear why sticky cards are useless for mites (use beans instead!), how banker plants revolutionize biocontrol, and why the best career advice from a 45-year veteran starts with “be a pain in the ass” and ends with building trust. Plus: Lance reveals his newest excitement—discovering unknown natural enemies of mealybugs by hiding plants in the bushes and seeing what shows up. That’s real plant power in action! Listen Time: ~50:46 Consulte las Notas del Programa [https://site.caes.uga.edu/yulab/blooms-beyond-a-podcast-that-uncovers-plant-history-culture-and-management-through-the-lens-of-science/blooms-and-beyond-temporada-1-episodio-8/] ---------------------------------------- IN THIS EPISODE GUEST * Dr. Lance Osborne — Entomologist and Researcher, Mid-Florida Research and Education Center (MREC), University of Florida, near Orlando. Nearly 45 years of greenhouse pest management research with expertise in spider mites, whiteflies, and biological control. PhD from UC Davis on greenhouse whitefly biocontrol using Encarsia formosa. HOST * Dr. Ping Yu — Assistant Professor and Ornamental Horticulture Extension Specialist, University of Georgia ---------------------------------------- LANCE’S JOURNEY TO ENTOMOLOGY (01:00 – 03:25) * Growing up as a “wild kid” in Cape Canaveral, Florida—running around outside all day collecting insects * Headed to UC Davis for pre-vet, but couldn’t handle the blood and gore * Switched to working with other organisms, but they kept going extinct—so he turned to insects (“I knew I wouldn’t have to worry about losing them”) * PhD on greenhouse whitefly biocontrol with Encarsia formosa, followed by a mosquito postdoc (“It’s no fun collecting 10,000 mosquitoes off my leg every morning”) * Hired at MREC for spider mite work and has been there ever since FLORIDA VS. CALIFORNIA & FAVORITE PEST (03:25 – 05:50) * Florida described as “a zoo” with something crawling everywhere—perfect for someone with a short attention span who loves variety * Favorite pest leans toward whiteflies, but spider mites were the job he was hired to do * Told he’d “never work on whiteflies” in Florida—five years later, whiteflies arrived anyway (“I didn’t bring them, I swear”) WHY SPIDER MITES ARE THE TOP GREENHOUSE CHALLENGE (05:50 – 08:24) * A Georgia study by Will Hudson confirmed spider mites are the most-sprayed pests in ornamentals nationwide * Spider mite management is the foundation of any IPM program * Florida’s year-round warm temperatures mean no diapause, no winter break in the life cycle * As you reduce pesticide pressure for one pest, others emerge—it’s been “an ongoing saga” SPIDER MITE LIFE CYCLE (08:24 – 09:45) * Five stages: egg → larva → protonymph → deutonymph → adult * Generation time as short as two weeks in warm conditions, up to 40–50 days in cold * Temperature is the primary driver of development speed * Each immature stage has a resting/molting phase where it doesn’t feed HOW SPIDER MITES DAMAGE PLANTS (09:45 – 12:10) * Mites penetrate plant cells and remove fluids, killing cells one at a time * Damage appears as yellow stippling that coalesces as populations grow * All life stages feed and cause damage—adults just cause the most because they’re bigger * Lance’s memorable analogy: “I do more damage on eating the steak at my house than my kids do—because I’m bigger” WEBBING, SILK & DISPERSAL (12:10 – 13:31) * Heavy populations produce webbing as a dispersal mechanism when the plant declines * Silk strands carry mites on wind currents to new plants * Mites hitchhike on clothing, pets, and equipment * If you can see webbing, you’re already in trouble—the damage won’t go away SCOUTING & EARLY DETECTION (13:31 – 15:06) * Turn leaves over—mites prefer the underside * First visible sign is usually yellow stippling on the leaf surface * Invest in a quality hand lens ($40–50), not cheap plastic ones from trade shows * Especially critical now with broad mites and chilli thrips (thrips parvispinus) requiring magnification * Look for opalescent white spherical eggs that appear to float on webbing * Dead mite bodies indicate predatory mites may already be at work HOST RANGE (15:06 – 16:27) * Extremely wide: croton, dieffenbachia, gerbera daisy, poinsettia (Lewis mite), hibiscus, beans, solanaceous crops * Tetranychus evansi (tomato red spider mite) specifically targets tomatoes and eggplant * “If I have a plant, I can probably get a mite to go on it” CHEMICAL CONTROL & RESISTANCE (16:27 – 20:06) * No magic bullet—resistance can be localized to individual greenhouses * First step: confirm the pest identification and assess infestation level * Remove heavily infested plants entirely (“a lost cause is just a waste of time and money”) * Scout after treatment to verify the chemical actually worked * Some chemicals like Avid act slowly—mites may look alive but are dead on their feet (“You could touch them and they’d fall over like tipping cattle”) * Some newer products take up to seven days—patience and record-keeping are essential THE SIX-BULLET ROTATION STRATEGY (20:06 – 23:50) * Lance’s philosophy: “It’s like a gun—you’ve only got six bullets” * Rotate chemistry class every 4–5 days for active infestations * Use 3–4 different modes of action maximum (not more) * With 5–6 chemicals in rotation, the odds increase that one is a “dud” the mites are resistant to, breaking your cycle * Consider residual activity—don’t switch too quickly or you’re just layering the same chemistry * Scout after every application to confirm efficacy * Nymphal stages are most susceptible to chemical treatment; eggs are least susceptible * Neem oil: Lance is “not that excited” about it for mites * Even water and soap can knock off small larvae BIOCONTROL: THE PREDATORY MITE PLAYBOOK (23:50 – 26:02) * Lance is a lifelong biocontrol advocate, working on it since day one at MREC * His predecessor Dr. Hamlen pioneered work with Phytoseiulus persimilis and Phytoseiulus macropilis (indigenous to Florida) * Californicus (Neoseiulus californicus): Lance’s top recommendation * Generalist feeder—survives on one egg per day * Can establish in crops and persist even when spider mite populations are low * More tolerant of pesticide residues than persimilis * Selected strains are highly resistant to bifenthrin/Talstar * “Let them be your scouts”—release before you even find spider mites * Persimilis (Phytoseiulus persimilis): The knockout specialist * More voracious than californicus, knocks populations down faster * Highly host-specific—only feeds on two-spotted spider mites and a few others * Extremely sensitive to pesticides (“You open a bottle across the room and they almost die”) * Best used in combination with californicus for heavy infestations BANKER PLANTS & FELTIELLA MIDGES (26:02 – 29:29) * Banker plant systems maintain biocontrol populations in the greenhouse year-round * Feltiella acarisuga (predatory midge): remarkable searcher that flies throughout the greenhouse * Can locate spider mites on a new plant across the greenhouse within three days * In Florida outdoors, colonizes mite-infested plants within two weeks * Complements predatory mites—flies where crawling mites can’t reach * Combination approach: midges search the whole greenhouse while predatory mites work locally INTEGRATING BIO & CHEMICAL CONTROL (29:29 – 34:09) * Certain soft chemicals (like Sultan) can be used alongside predators * For growers new to biocontrol: use chemicals at end of crop cycle to “clean up” before shipping * Biocontrol suppliers have trained field staff who know which predators tolerate which chemicals—use them as resources * Extension agents, university researchers, and experienced growers can help get programs started * Start small: put a bean plant in the nursery, let mites colonize, add predators, and observe * Disney World successfully used persimilis on roses but learned biocontrol isn’t a universal “cure-all” * The biggest hurdle for growers: lack of training and resources, though consultants are rapidly increasing CULTURAL PRACTICES FOR PREVENTION (34:09 – 40:20) * Quarantine incoming plants: don’t spread new material throughout the nursery immediately * Dip new plant material: 1% dish soap solution (local growers use Publix brand) controls mealybugs, spider mites, and aphids on unrooted cuttings with no disease increase * Manage dust: mites thrive along roads where dust coats webbing and protects them * Eliminate pet plants: untreated personal plants in greenhouses become pest reservoirs * Control weeds in aisles: untreated weeds harbor pest populations * Water management: high-pressure water can dislodge mites * Pruning: mites prefer new growth; opening the canopy improves spray coverage * Spray coverage is critical: build custom nozzles spraying both up and down; don’t rely solely on translaminar or systemic products like Kontos * Indicator plants over sticky cards: bean plants show mite damage quickly; sticky cards “catch more scouts than spider mites” * Water-sensitive indicator cards placed under leaves reveal whether spray coverage is actually reaching the target ADVICE FOR GROWERS & JUNIOR FACULTY (40:20 – 45:07) * For growers: “Be a pain in the ass”—researchers and extension specialists are here to help and don’t get enough visitors * MREC runs a plant clinic every Tuesday * Seeing younger people bring plants in is encouraging * Be excited, seek out people who can help, build relationships * For junior faculty: Be inquisitive, curious, and open your eyes * Take time to enjoy the work despite mounting paperwork * Become part of the industry—join organizations like HRI and FNGLA * Build trust with growers; don’t BS people (“If they’re still in business, they’re probably smarter than I am”) * Find mentors and collaborators—“we can’t do this ourselves” * Grant funding comes easier when people see you cooperate * Lance’s donut shop story: chance encounters with growers led to world-changing discoveries—the Delphastus beetle came from a grower’s backyard, and the PFR-97/Ancora fungus came from plants in his greenhouse MEALYBUG BIOCONTROL: THE NEXT FRONTIER (45:07 – 48:46) * Lance’s current excitement: discovering unknown natural enemies of mealybugs * Method: place infested plants in bushes outdoors, retrieve them, and see what colonizes * Finding predators, parasitoids, flies, ladybugs, and even a caterpillar feeding on mealybugs * Some species are so new they can’t be identified yet—specimens sent to Gainesville for analysis * Three most promising agents: a parasitoid, a ladybug, and a tiny fly—all now in colonies at MREC * A Madeira mealybug parasitoid still awaiting identification * Ultimate goal: find a commercial company willing to rear these natural enemies for sale * Banker plant system already developed for mealybugs, but growers prefer purchasing and releasing ---------------------------------------- KEY QUOTES > “Spider mites were the most sprayed pests in ornamentals nationwide… So that was a logical place to start in trying to develop an IPM program.” — Dr. Lance Osborne > “It’s like a gun. You’ve only got six bullets.” — Dr. Lance Osborne, on chemical rotation strategy > “Let them be your scouts. Let them run around and look for spider mites.” — Dr. Lance Osborne, on releasing predatory mites preventively > “You don’t BS people in this industry because if they’re still in business, they’re probably smarter than I am.” — Dr. Lance Osborne > “Something’s eating them all.” — Dr. Lance Osborne, on the mystery of why mealybugs disappear outdoors ---------------------------------------- EDUCATIONAL HIGHLIGHTS Spider Mite Life Cycle Five developmental stages: egg → larva → protonymph → deutonymph → adult. Each immature stage has a feeding phase and a resting/molting phase. A complete generation can occur in as little as two weeks under warm conditions, making rapid population growth a constant threat in greenhouses. Why Scouting Beats Sticky Cards for Mites Unlike whiteflies and thrips, spider mites don’t fly and won’t reliably land on sticky traps. Instead, use indicator plants (lima beans work well—mites love them and damage shows quickly) and direct leaf inspection with a quality 10–20x hand lens. The Chemical Rotation Dilemma Spider mites develop localized pesticide resistance rapidly. Lance recommends limiting rotation to 3–4 modes of action rather than 5–6, because every additional chemistry increases the chance of including one the local population is already resistant to—creating a gap that allows the population to rebound. Biocontrol Pairing Strategy Neoseiulus californicus is the generalist “workhorse”—release preventively to establish a resident population that scouts for mites and survives on alternative food sources. Phytoseiulus persimilis is the specialist “knockout punch”—deploy into heavy infestations for rapid population reduction. Combining both provides the best results. Banker Plants A system where non-crop plants maintain populations of beneficial organisms in the greenhouse year-round. For spider mites, banker plants support predatory mites and Feltiella midges even when pest populations are low, providing continuous biological surveillance. Translaminar vs. Systemic Activity Many modern miticides are translaminar—they penetrate through the leaf to reach mites feeding on the underside. A few, like Kontos (spirotetramat), are systemic. However, good physical spray coverage remains essential; don’t rely solely on the chemistry to reach the target. ---------------------------------------- RESOURCES & LINKS Visit the Show: * Website: bandbpod.com * Show notes and additional resources at bandbpod.com Guest Contact: * Dr. Lance Osborne can be reached at the Mid-Florida Research and Education Center (MREC), University of Florida — contact via email for PowerPoints and PDFs of his presentations 🌻 AFE Resources — Mites & Insect Pests: In addition to the resources and information our guest shared in this episode, AFE has additional resources for mites and other insect pests that can be found on AFE’s website at endowment.org [https://endowment.org]. Whether you’re dealing with spider mites, whiteflies, thrips, or other greenhouse pests, AFE’s research library is a valuable starting point for science-based management strategies. Get Involved: * Subscribe to the podcast * Leave a review * Share with fellow growers and plant lovers * Support the show (details at bandbpod.com) Funding & Acknowledgment: This episode in our first season is made possible through an educational grant from the American Floral Endowment, whose research priorities helped shape the topics that are featured. To learn more about AFE and access their research and educational resources, visit their website at endowment.org [https://endowment.org]. ---------------------------------------- ABOUT BLOOMS AND BEYOND Blooms and Beyond is a podcast that covers plant history, culture, and management through the lens of science. Whether you’re a commercial grower looking for management solutions, a student exploring horticulture careers, or someone who just loves plants and their stories, you’ll find something here for you. Hosted by Dr. Ping Yu from the University of Georgia, each episode features interviews with experts who bring enchanting stories, pioneering research, and practical wisdom from the world of horticulture. Your Takeaway: When you walk away from each episode, commercial professionals should have at least one piece of advice to help with production, and plant enthusiasts should have one cool fact to share about plants. Because that’s how we spread plant power to a larger audience and make the environment a little bit better. ---------------------------------------- CREDITS Host: Dr. Ping Yu Guest: Dr. Lance Osborne, Mid-Florida Research and Education Center (MREC), University of Florida Production: University of Georgia Center for Urban Agriculture Producer: Rich Braman Support: American Floral Endowment Educational Grant (2025–2026) AFE-Sponsored Episode: This is one of five AFE-sponsored episodes in Season 1, with topics shaped by AFE’s research priorities. Spanish translation of show notes available. ---------------------------------------- Episode Release Date: February 15th, 2026 Episode Length: 50:46 ---------------------------------------- “Till next time, stay healthy and go plants!” 🌱🌻🌿