Episode 2 | From Protest to Civil War

Episode 5 | Final Reflections: What Syria Can Learn from Iraq

In this final episode of Confused About Syria, Noor Mousa and Rachel Sider reflect on key lessons from Iraq’s post-2003 experience and what they mean for Syria’s ongoing transition. The discussion highlights both similarities and critical differences between the two contexts - particularly around fragility, governance, and recovery challenges. Core takeaways include the need to avoid repeating international policy mistakes, prioritise inclusive governance, invest in trust-building, and ensure reforms are grounded in local realities - not just external assumptions. Key themes include unifying security structures, exploring decentralization, supporting youth and women through economic inclusion, and strengthening social cohesion. We close the podcast with a call for both internal and external actors to support Syria carefully - “aiding, not triggering” its fragile state. 📚 Relevant Sources * Syria in Transition: Comparative Lessons and Implications for International Engagement (PeaceRep) * Learning from Iraq: Ten Transitional Justice Lessons for Syria (Jiyan Foundation for Human Rights e.V.) * Syria Should Review the Lessons from Iraq (Physicians for Human Rights (PHR)

Episode 4 | Syria One Year On: Fear, Hope, and a Need to Rebuild Trust

Content Note: This episode discusses identity-based violence, killings, and hate speech. Episode Summary In Episode 4, Noor and Rachel reflect on all that Syria has experienced in the weeks, months, and year-plus since the fall of the Assad government on December 8, 2024. The conversation reckons with two simultaneous truths for many Syrians in public life and online: the sense of possibility and the intense fragility of this transitional period. This is evident in how people move about the country, begin to rebuild, manage difference, and access basic services. The conversation considers efforts to support healing, forgiveness and transitional justice, including the urgency, importance and scale of the challenge. The co-hosts discuss the trust deficit charaterising Syria which affects civil society cooperation, governance reforms and humanitarian aid delivery today and requires long-term support. Suggested Readings: * Harmoon Center (PDF, 2025) — Syria’s National Dialogue Conference analysis: https://www.harmoon.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Syrian-National-Dialogue-Conference.pdf [https://www.harmoon.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Syrian-National-Dialogue-Conference.pdf]  * OHCHR (5 Dec 2025) — One year after regime change (violations + hate speech): https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-briefing-notes/2025/12/syria-one-year-regime-change-more-should-be-done-stop-violations [https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-briefing-notes/2025/12/syria-one-year-regime-change-more-should-be-done-stop-violations]  * ICTJ (22 May 2025) — Welcomes Transitional Justice & Missing Persons Commissions: https://www.ictj.org/latest-news/ictj-welcomes-establishment-syria%E2%80%99s-new-national-commissions-transitional-justice-and [https://www.ictj.org/latest-news/ictj-welcomes-establishment-syria%E2%80%99s-new-national-commissions-transitional-justice-and]  * Syrians for Truth and Justice (26 May 2025) — Hate speech role in March 2025 violence: https://stj-sy.org/en/syria-the-role-of-hate-speech-in-the-massacres-that-took-place-in-the-coastal-region-in-march-2025/ [https://stj-sy.org/en/syria-the-role-of-hate-speech-in-the-massacres-that-took-place-in-the-coastal-region-in-march-2025/]  * Syria Direct (19 Dec 2025) — Suwayda one year after Assad’s fall: https://syriadirect.org/suwayda-stands-at-a-crossroads-one-year-after-assads-fall/ [https://syriadirect.org/suwayda-stands-at-a-crossroads-one-year-after-assads-fall/]  * International Crisis Group (28 Mar 2025) — “The New Syria: Halting a Dangerous Drift”: https://www.crisisgroup.org/brf/middle-east-north-africa/east-mediterranean-mena/syria/b95-new-syria-halting-dangerous-drift [https://www.crisisgroup.org/brf/middle-east-north-africa/east-mediterranean-mena/syria/b95-new-syria-halting-dangerous-drift]  * ODI HPN (10 Sep 2025) — Humanitarian reform + hub consolidation: https://odihpn.org/en/publication/when-reform-forgets-the-cost-of-humanitarian-amnesia-in-syria/ [https://odihpn.org/en/publication/when-reform-forgets-the-cost-of-humanitarian-amnesia-in-syria/]  Follow / Connect: * Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/confused_podcasts/ [https://www.instagram.com/confused_podcasts/]

Episode 3 | Reflections on the December 8th Offensive in Syria

In this episode, Noor Mousa and Rachel Sider discuss the events surrounding December 8, 2024 in Syria and the internal and external pressures that triggered the collapse of the Assad government. They examine Syrians’ diverse reactions, the psychological toll of war on civilians and aid workers, and the damage wrought by rumors and misinformation. The conversation underscores the need for trust, inclusion, and lessons learned from Iraq as Syria faces an uncertain future. Noor offers an insider’s view of the chaotic days leading up to Bashar al-Assad’s flight and recounts the reactions of neighbors, colleagues, and ordinary Syrians. This moment matters because ignoring its nuances means ignoring the deep divisions, persistent fears, and human stories at the heart of Syria’s ongoing transition. The episode offers crucial insight for anyone who wants to understand current complexities and fragilities, how we got here, and the urgent need for inclusive, participatory processes in the years ahead. Dive into the raw realities of Syria’s turning point - an episode that challenges assumptions, sparks reflection, and highlights why active engagement is essential to rebuilding trust and unity in Syria’s current chapter. Keywords: Syria, conflict, humanitarian aid, Bashar al-Assad, Hayat Tahrir al-Sham, December 8, 2024, Syrian society, international response, trust, misinformation Recommended read:  * The Syria Campaign - Deadly Disinformation / Silencing Effect hub * TIMEP -  “Truth in Transition: Disinformation in Post-Assad Syria” (Jan 30, 2025) * Reuters | Israel says it destroyed most of Syria’s strategic weapons stockpiles; details + rationale (Dec 10, 2024)

Episode 2 | From Protest to Civil War

In Episode 2, we trace how Syria’s 2011 uprising moved from broadly inclusive, peaceful protests rooted in demands for dignity, economic opportunity, and basic freedoms into a prolonged and devastating civil conflict.  The conversation also looks at displacement across the region including in Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, and Iraq and how host country policies and approaches shaped refugee experiences. Throughout the episode, we draw explicit lessons from Iraq as a cautionary tale about the dangers and long-term damage of sectarian narratives. SUGGESTED READING: 1. Wendy Pearlman (2017), We Crossed a Bridge and It Trembled: Voices from Syria 2. Robin Yassin-Kassab & Leila al-Shami (2016), Burning Country: Syrians in Revolution and War 3. Christopher Phillips (2016), The Battle for Syria: International Rivalry in the New Middle East 4. Kelley et al. (2015), “Climate change in the Fertile Crescent and implications of the recent Syrian drought” 5. World Bank (2015), The Welfare of Syrian Refugees: Evidence from Jordan and Lebanon 6. Fanar Haddad (2011), Sectarianism in Iraq: Antagonistic Visions of Unity 7. Nikolaos van Dam (2017), Destroying a Nation: The Civil War in Syria

Episode 1 | Syria Beyond the War

Before headlines, before labels, and before 2011, there was a country steeped in culture, memory, and humanity. In this first episode of Confused About Syria, we leave behind the all-too-common conflict framing to talk about Syria as a place of beauty and diversity – its people, landscapes, identities, and daily life – and consider why understanding this is crucial to making sense of everything that played out in recent years. Drawing on personal experiences, lived encounters, and years of working across the region, we reflect on first impressions of Syria, reconcile reality with outside narratives, and recall how fear, repression, beauty, humour, and survival have long coexisted. We talk about Syria’s social fabric and regional connectedness and the dangers of reducing people to simplified labels in moments of crisis. This episode is an invitation to slow down, unpack assumptions, and engage with Syrian society prior to the contemporary conflict, the full understanding of which cannot be understood without such a foundation. 🎧 In this episode: * Syria beyond war-time headlines * Culture, identity, and diversity * Geography and regional connections * How fear and choice shape everyday life * Why labels fail people living through conflict This is the first of a five-episode series. Next episode: how 2011 unfolded and why it didn’t start in a vacuum. FURTHER READINGS & RESOURCES: * Khaled Khalifa, No Knives in the Kitchens of This City * Akram Fouad Khater, The Syrian People: A History * Alia Malek, The Home That Was Our Country: A Memoir of Syria  * Martha Neff Kessler, Syria: Fragile Mosaic of Power * Jordi Tejel, Syria’s Kurds: History, Politics and Society