The Last Caliph: How Turkey Abolished the Ottoman Caliphate in 1924

The Last Caliph: How Turkey Abolished the Ottoman Caliphate in 1924

In March 1924, the Turkish Grand National Assembly voted to abolish the caliphate, ending a 1,300-year-old institution. This episode explores the final months of Caliph Abdülmecid Efendi, the political maneuvering in Ankara, and the global reactions from Muslims in India, Egypt, and the Arab world. We discuss the Khilafat Movement in British India, the arguments of Mustafa Kemal and İsmet İnönü, and the quiet exile of the last caliph aboard the Orient Express. Plus: the forgotten figure of Abdülmecid's daughter, Dürrüşehvar Sultan, and her marriage to the heir of the Nizam of Hyderabad. #OttomanEmpire #Caliphate #AbdulmecidEfendi #MustafaKemalAtaturk #KhilafatMovement #Turkey #1924 #Ankara #GrandNationalAssembly #Islam #IndianMuslims #Hyderabad #DurrushehvarSultan #OrientExpress #Lausanne #History #FexingoHistory #MiddleEast Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

The Ottoman Empire's Last Orphanage: How Children Survived the Collapse

After the armistice of Mudros in 1918, the Ottoman Empire was not only defeated but dismantled. Among the millions displaced and destitute were tens of thousands of orphaned children, survivors of war, famine, and disease. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the little-known story of the Darüleytam, or Orphanages of the Ottoman Empire, which by 1918 housed over 80,000 children across Anatolia and the Arab provinces. Through the efforts of figures like the reformer Ahmet Cemal Paşa and the educator Selim Sırrı Tarcan, these orphanages became experimental grounds for new ideas about education, nationalism, and hygiene. But after the empire's collapse, funding dried up, foreign powers intervened, and many children were left to fend for themselves. The conversation touches on the role of the Hilal-i Ahmer (Red Crescent), the legacy of the Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa in child welfare, and how the Turkish Republic eventually absorbed these institutions. A forgotten chapter of care and chaos at the empire's end. #OttomanEmpire #Orphanages #Darüleytam #Hilal-iAhmer #AhmetCemalPaşa #SelimSırrıTarcan #WWI #Mudros #Teşkilat-ıMahsusa #ChildWelfare #TurkishRepublic #Anatolia #History #FexingoHistory #OttomanHistory #Philanthropy #Education #PostWar Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

The Last Ottoman Prisoners: Malta's Forgotten Exiles

After the Mudros Armistice in 1918, the British rounded up dozens of Ottoman officials and intellectuals and shipped them to a prison camp in Malta. This episode follows the story of those exiles: who they were, why they were taken, and how their captivity shaped the Turkish War of Independence. We meet figures like Hüseyin Cahit Yalçın, the journalist and politician; Mehmed Cavid Bey, the former finance minister; and others accused of war crimes by the Allies. We explore the political motivations behind the arrests, the conditions on the island, and the quiet diplomacy that eventually secured their release in 1921 in exchange for British prisoners held by the Ankara government. This is a little-known chapter that reveals how the Ottoman collapse played out in personal terms—and how exile became a crucible for the new Turkish nationalist movement. #MaltaExiles #OttomanEmpire #HüseyinCahitYalçın #MehmedCavidBey #WarCrimesTrials #MudrosArmistice #TurkishIndependence #BritishPrisoners #AnkaraGovernment #MustafaKemal #SublimePorte #History #FexingoHistory #WWI #MiddleEast #PrisonersOfWar #Diplomacy #OttomanHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

The Ottoman Internees: Malta 1919

When the British occupied Istanbul in 1918, they didn't just dismantle the Ottoman government — they rounded up over 150 high-ranking officials, intellectuals, and suspected war criminals and shipped them to a prisoner-of-war camp on Malta. This episode follows the story of the Malta exiles: who they were, why the British chose Malta, and how their captivity shaped the emerging Turkish nationalist movement. We'll meet figures like Hüseyin Cahit Yalçın and Mehmed Cavid Bey, explore the legal limbo of the internment, and examine the secret negotiations that eventually led to their release in exchange for British POWs held by Ankara. The Malta exiles were a forgotten chapter of the empire's end — a curious mix of punishment, diplomacy, and unintended consequence. #MaltaExiles #OttomanEmpire #WorldWarI #BritishInternees #HüseyinCahitYalçın #MehmedCavidBey #TurkishNationalists #PrisonerExchange #Ankara #MudrosArmistice #WarCrimesTrials #Politics #MiddleEast #History #FexingoHistory #WWI #Mediterranean #Diplomacy Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

The Law of Family: How Ottoman Women Fought for Divorce Rights in 1917

In 1917, as the Ottoman Empire teetered on the edge of collapse, a remarkable piece of legislation was passed: the Law of Family Rights. It granted women unprecedented access to divorce, including the right to initiate it for reasons like desertion, cruelty, or even a husband's failure to provide bread. Lucas and Luna explore how this law emerged from a tangle of Islamic jurisprudence, wartime necessity, and feminist advocacy by figures like Halide Edib Adıvar and Nezihe Muhiddin. They discuss the reaction of conservative clerics, the law's practical impact on women in Istanbul and the provinces, and its surprising afterlife in the legal codes of Turkey and other post-Ottoman states. We also look at the parallel story of the 1917 Russian 'Decree on Divorce' and how, briefly, two collapsing empires gave women more control over marriage than they'd ever had. A story of reform, resilience, and the intimate costs of empire's end. #LawOfFamilyRights #OttomanWomen #DivorceRights #HalideEdib #NeziheMuhiddin #1917 #IslamicFeminism #Istanbul #Şeyhülislam #Mecelle #OttomanEmpire #SublimePorte #WorldWarI #WomenInHistory #FexingoHistory #History #MiddleEastHistory #LegalHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]