#499 – Gary Gallagher: American Civil War, Slavery, Lincoln, Grant & Lee

#500 – Khabib Nurmagomedov: Dagestan, MMA, UFC, Islam, Conor, Fedor & Football

Khabib Nurmagomedov is one of the greatest fighters of all time, who retired from the UFC undefeated with a perfect 29-0 record. We did this conversation entirely in Russian. It’s translated and dubbed into English. Both language audio tracks (and subtitles) are available on YouTube. Here, only the English audio is available. We worked hard to make it enjoyable to listen to, by carefully dubbing the translation using voice-cloning, as we’ve done for previous foreign-language podcasts. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep500-sc [https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep500-sc] See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/khabib-nurmagomedov-transcript [https://lexfridman.com/khabib-nurmagomedov-transcript] CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey [https://lexfridman.com/survey] AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama [https://lexfridman.com/ama] Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring [https://lexfridman.com/hiring] Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact [https://lexfridman.com/contact] EPISODE LINKS: Khabib’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/khabib_nurmagomedov/ [https://instagram.com/khabib_nurmagomedov/] Khabib’s YouTube: https://youtube.com/@KhabibTheEagle [https://youtube.com/@KhabibTheEagle] Khabib’s Facebook: https://facebook.com/KhabibTheEagle/ [https://facebook.com/KhabibTheEagle/] Khabib’s X: https://x.com/TeamKhabib [https://x.com/TeamKhabib] Khabib’s Telegram: https://t.me/khabib_nurmagomedov [https://t.me/khabib_nurmagomedov] Khabib’s Website: https://khabib.com [https://khabib.com] SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Wispr Flow: AI-powered voice dictation app. Go to https://wisprflow.ai/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/wispr_flow-ep500-sc] LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/lmnt-ep500-sc] Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/shopify-ep500-sc] BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/betterhelp-ep500-sc] Perplexity: AI-powered answer engine. Go to https://perplexity.ai/ [https://lexfridman.com/s/perplexity-ep500-sc] OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (01:29) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections (08:24) – Why Dagestan produces so many great fighters (18:31) – History of Dagestan warrior culture (27:51) – Hard training in the mountains of Dagestan (31:42) – The trap of fame, money, and power (42:23) – The key to Khabib’s dominance (53:36) – Discipline and hard work (1:06:04) – Street fights in Dagestan (1:19:45) – Khabib’s top pressure (1:25:29) – Khabib vs Conor McGregor (1:38:14) – Khabib’s toughest fight (1:46:02) – Greatest MMA fighters of all time (2:03:46) – Coaching (2:09:19) – Daniel Cormier (2:13:38) – Islam Makhachev (2:23:35) – Dana White (2:27:05) – Joe Rogan (2:29:20) – Ali Abdelaziz (2:31:57) – Football (2:39:12) – Messi vs Ronaldo (2:57:12) – Dubai (3:01:03) – God (3:08:46) – Advice for young people

#499 – Gary Gallagher: American Civil War, Slavery, Lincoln, Grant & Lee

Gary Gallagher is a historian of the American Civil War. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep499-sc [https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep499-sc] See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/gary-gallagher-transcript [https://lexfridman.com/gary-gallagher-transcript] CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey [https://lexfridman.com/survey] AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama [https://lexfridman.com/ama] Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring [https://lexfridman.com/hiring] Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact [https://lexfridman.com/contact] EPISODE LINKS: Gary’s UVA page: https://history.virginia.edu/people/gary-w-gallagher [https://history.virginia.edu/people/gary-w-gallagher] Gary’s Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_W._Gallagher [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_W._Gallagher] The Confederate War (book): https://amzn.to/4yletel [https://amzn.to/4yletel] The Union War (book): https://amzn.to/3QT1jED [https://amzn.to/3QT1jED] Lee and His Generals in War and Memory (book): https://amzn.to/4fdrbD5 [https://amzn.to/4fdrbD5] Causes Won, Lost, and Forgotten (book): https://amzn.to/4wFxk1X [https://amzn.to/4wFxk1X] The Myth of the Lost Cause and Civil War History (book): https://amzn.to/4vsAogU [https://amzn.to/4vsAogU] The Great Courses – The American Civil War: https://bit.ly/4gDX3mQ [https://bit.ly/4gDX3mQ] SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Upwork: Platform for hiring freelancers. Go to https://upwork.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/upwork-ep499-sc] NetSuite: Business management software. Go to http://netsuite.ai/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/netsuite-ep499-sc] Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/shopify-ep499-sc] LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/lmnt-ep499-sc] BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/betterhelp-ep499-sc] Perplexity: AI-powered answer engine. Go to https://perplexity.ai/ [https://lexfridman.com/s/perplexity-ep499-sc] Plaud: AI-powered note-taking devices and software. Go to https://plaud.ai/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/plaud-ep499-sc] OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (00:07) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections (08:36) – What caused the Civil War? (18:33) – Slavery (46:07) – Lincoln (1:01:03) – Grant vs Lee (1:09:57) – Could the Civil War have been avoided? (1:19:23) – The bloodiest war in US history (1:36:31) – How the Confederate Army could’ve won (1:57:05) – Key battles of the Civil War (2:20:07) – Best and Worst Presidents (2:34:06) – Robert E. Lee (2:53:40) – The most important battle of the Civil War (3:03:51) – The final showdown of the Civil War – Grant vs Lee (3:26:10) – Lost Cause and Confederate Monuments (3:43:37) – Extreme political division in US

#498 – Anthony Kaldellis: Roman Empire, Byzantine Empire, Rise & Fall of Empires

Anthony Kaldellis is a historian of the Roman Empire and author of “The New Roman Empire”, a comprehensive history of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire). Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep498-sc [https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep498-sc] See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/anthony-kaldellis-transcript [https://lexfridman.com/anthony-kaldellis-transcript] CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey [https://lexfridman.com/survey] AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama [https://lexfridman.com/ama] Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring [https://lexfridman.com/hiring] Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact [https://lexfridman.com/contact] EPISODE LINKS: Anthony’s Books: https://amzn.to/49AX7Q1 [https://amzn.to/49AX7Q1] Anthony’s Publications: https://kaldellispublications.weebly.com [https://kaldellispublications.weebly.com] Anthony’s University of Chicago page: https://classics.uchicago.edu/people/anthony-kaldellis [https://classics.uchicago.edu/people/anthony-kaldellis] The New Roman Empire (book): https://amzn.to/3PTFTqk [https://amzn.to/3PTFTqk] Streams of Gold (book): https://amzn.to/4fgRMRq [https://amzn.to/4fgRMRq] Byzantium & Friends Podcast: https://byzantiumandfriends.podbean.com/ [https://byzantiumandfriends.podbean.com/] The History of Byzantium Podcast: https://thehistoryofbyzantium.com/ [https://thehistoryofbyzantium.com/] SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Upwork: Platform for hiring freelancers. Go to https://upwork.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/upwork-ep498-sc] Fin: AI agent for customer service. Go to https://fin.ai/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/fin-ep498-sc] BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/betterhelp-ep498-sc] LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/lmnt-ep498-sc] Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/shopify-ep498-sc] Perplexity: AI-powered answer engine. Go to https://perplexity.ai/ [https://lexfridman.com/s/perplexity-ep498-sc] OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (00:11) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections (08:45) – The Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire (12:42) – 2,200 Years of Roman History (33:06) – Power, violence, and civil war (54:20) – Edict of Caracalla (1:07:17) – Crisis of the Third Century (1:21:45) – Constantine and the new Roman Empire (1:33:46) – Christianity in the Roman Empire (1:59:14) – Fall of the Western Roman Empire (2:12:11) – Eunuchs, Taxes, and Power (2:37:17) – Emperor Justinian and wars of conquest (2:54:19) – The Arab conquests (3:13:55) – Why the Roman empire survived so long (3:40:01) – Lessons from history PODCAST LINKS: – Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast [https://lexfridman.com/podcast] – Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr [https://apple.co/2lwqZIr] – Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 [https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8] – RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ [https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/] – Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4] – Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips [https://www.youtube.com/lexclips]

#497 – Biggest Mysteries in Physics: Antimatter, Dark Energy & ToE – Don Lincoln

Don Lincoln is a particle physicist at Fermilab who has spent decades working at the frontiers of high energy physics. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep497-sc [https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep497-sc] See below for timestamps, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey [https://lexfridman.com/survey] AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama [https://lexfridman.com/ama] Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring [https://lexfridman.com/hiring] Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact [https://lexfridman.com/contact] EPISODE LINKS: Don’s Facebook: https://facebook.com/Dr.Don.Lincoln/ [https://facebook.com/Dr.Don.Lincoln/] Don’s Website: https://drdonlincoln.com/ [https://drdonlincoln.com/] Don’s LinkedIn: https://bit.ly/4nHeNiF [https://bit.ly/4nHeNiF] Don’s YouTube Playlist: https://bit.ly/3PCIW67 [https://bit.ly/3PCIW67] Don’s X: https://x.com/DrDonLincoln [https://x.com/DrDonLincoln] Don’s Books: https://amzn.to/4uYbkOZ [https://amzn.to/4uYbkOZ] Don’s Great Courses: https://shop.thegreatcourses.com/don-lincoln [https://shop.thegreatcourses.com/don-lincoln] Don’s Audible: https://adbl.co/4wGioRV [https://adbl.co/4wGioRV] Fermilab’s YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/fermilab [https://www.youtube.com/fermilab] Fermilab’s Website: https://www.fnal.gov/ [https://www.fnal.gov/] Fermilab’s X: https://x.com/fermilab [https://x.com/fermilab] SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Upwork: Platform for hiring freelancers. Go to https://upwork.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/upwork-ep497-sc] Larridin: Measure AI adoption in your business. Go to https://larridin.com [https://lexfridman.com/s/larridin-ep497-sc] Fin: AI agent for customer service. Go to https://fin.ai/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/fin-ep497-sc] LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/lmnt-ep497-sc] Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/shopify-ep497-sc] Perplexity: AI-powered answer engine. Go to https://perplexity.ai/ [https://lexfridman.com/s/perplexity-ep497-sc] OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (00:34) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections (08:52) – Unifying the laws of nature (23:23) – Einstein, special relativity, and general relativity (40:31) – Electroweak force (52:13) – How particle colliders work (1:10:16) – Higgs boson discovery (1:20:35) – Theory of everything (1:50:20) – Physics of empty space (1:57:45) – Antimatter (2:18:35) – Dark energy (2:22:23) – Dark matter (2:50:59) – Future of physics PODCAST LINKS: – Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast [https://lexfridman.com/podcast] – Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr [https://apple.co/2lwqZIr] – Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 [https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8] – RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ [https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/] – Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4] – Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips [https://www.youtube.com/lexclips]

#496 – FFmpeg: The Incredible Technology Behind Video on the Internet

Jean-Baptiste Kempf is lead developer of VLC and president of VideoLAN. Kieran Kunhya is a longtime FFmpeg contributor, codec engineer, and the person behind the now-infamous FFmpeg account on X. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep496-sc [https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep496-sc] See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/ffmpeg-transcript [https://lexfridman.com/ffmpeg-transcript] CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey [https://lexfridman.com/survey] AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama [https://lexfridman.com/ama] Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring [https://lexfridman.com/hiring] Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact [https://lexfridman.com/contact] EPISODE LINKS: FFmpeg on X: https://x.com/FFmpeg [https://x.com/FFmpeg] FFmpeg: https://ffmpeg.org/ [https://ffmpeg.org/] VideoLAN (VLC): https://www.videolan.org/ [https://www.videolan.org/] VideoLAN on X: https://x.com/videolan [https://x.com/videolan] Jean-Baptiste’s Website: https://jbkempf.com/ [https://jbkempf.com/] Jean-Baptiste’s LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/jbkempf/ [https://www.linkedin.com/in/jbkempf/] Jean-Baptiste’s GitHub: https://github.com/jbkempf [https://github.com/jbkempf] Kieran’s X: https://x.com/kierank_ [https://x.com/kierank_] Kieran’s LinkedIn: https://bit.ly/3OORhmC [https://bit.ly/3OORhmC] Kieran’s GitHub: https://github.com/kierank [https://github.com/kierank] SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Larridin: Measure AI adoption in your business. Go to https://larridin.com [https://lexfridman.com/s/larridin-ep496-sc] Blitzy: AI agent for large enterprise codebases. Go to https://blitzy.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/blitzy-ep496-sc] BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/betterhelp-ep496-sc] Fin: AI agent for customer service. Go to https://fin.ai/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/fin-ep496-sc] LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/lmnt-ep496-sc] Perplexity: AI-powered answer engine. Go to https://perplexity.ai/ [https://lexfridman.com/s/perplexity-ep496-sc] OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (03:00) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections (10:48) – Weirdest things VLC opens (15:12) – How video playback works (24:33) – Video codecs and containers (35:20) – FFmpeg explained (56:20) – Linus Torvalds (1:00:59) – Turning down millions to keep VLC ad-free (1:15:17) – FFmpeg & Google drama (1:34:31) – FFmpeg developers (1:41:08) – VLC and FFmpeg (1:45:42) – History of FFmpeg (1:48:59) – Reverse engineering codecs (2:02:14) – FFmpeg testing (2:06:21) – Assembly code (handwritten) (2:30:39) – Rust programming language (2:39:55) – FFmpeg and Libav fork (2:48:17) – Open source burnout (2:56:04) – x264 and internet video (3:09:20) – Video compression basics (3:16:17) – CIA and fake VLC (3:26:52) – Ultra low latency streaming (3:44:20) – AV2 codec and video patents (3:54:12) – VLC backdoors (4:04:27) – Video archiving (4:11:04) – Future of FFmpeg and VLC