Cortés's Horses: Terror Weapons of the Conquest

Cortés's Horses: Terror Weapons of the Conquest

Horses were not just transportation for the Spanish conquistadors — they were psychological weapons that shattered indigenous armies. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore how Cortés deployed horses in Mesoamerica, the terror they inspired among Aztec and Tlaxcalan warriors who had never seen such animals, and the practical challenges of keeping horses alive on campaign. They discuss specific horses like Cortés's dark gelding El Morcillo and Pedro de Alvarado's chestnut mare, the tactical advantages of cavalry charges against massed infantry, and how indigenous forces eventually adapted by targeting horses in battle. The episode also covers the logistics of shipping horses across the Atlantic, the role of the farrier and horseshoes, and the cultural shock of the horse-and-rider centaur-like apparition. Drawing on Bernal Díaz del Castillo's account and the Florentine Codex, Lucas explains how horses turned the tide at key battles like Otumba and the siege of Tenochtitlan, and why Cortés himself considered them 'the greatest security for victory.' #Horses #Conquistadors #Cortés #Mesoamerica #Cavalry #BernalDíaz #FlorentineCodex #Otumba #Tenochtitlan #ElMorcillo #PedroDeAlvarado #Tlaxcala #Aztecs #HernánCortés #MilitaryHistory #PsychologicalWarfare #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

Alvarado's Leap: Myth of the Toboso Massacre

In 1522, a year after the fall of Tenochtitlan, Pedro de Alvarado—the brutal conquistador known as Tonatiuh or 'Sun'—led a punitive expedition into the Mixe region of Oaxaca. At a river called the Toboso, according to legend, Alvarado's horse stumbled and he was pinned beneath it, facing a swarm of Mixe warriors. In desperation, he supposedly used his lance as a vaulting pole to leap to safety—a feat immortalized as the 'Salto de Alvarado.' But was it real, or a myth crafted to burnish his reputation? This episode examines the historical and archaeological evidence, the Mixe perspective, and how the story evolved over centuries. We also explore Alvarado's earlier atrocities in Tenochtitlan and Guatemala, his relationship with Cortés, and the long shadow of Spanish violence in Oaxaca. Featuring the Florentine Codex, the Lienzo de Tlaxcala, and recent scholarship, we separate fact from folklore in one of the conquest's most dramatic tales. #PedroDeAlvarado #SaltoDeAlvarado #Mixe #Oaxaca #TobosoRiver #SpanishConquest #Conquistadors #Mesoamerica #Tonatiuh #FlorentineCodex #LienzoDeTlaxcala #Guatemala #Tenochtitlan #Cortés #MythvsHistory #IndigenousResistance #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

The Genocide of the Arawaks: Columbus's First Contact

In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the devastating first encounters between Christopher Columbus and the Taíno people of Hispaniola. They discuss the initial friendly exchanges, the imposition of the encomienda system, the brutal gold quotas, and the catastrophic population collapse from violence, starvation, and disease. Focusing on figures like Guacanagarix, Caonabo, and Anacaona, and drawing from Bartolomé de las Casas's accounts, they examine how Spanish policies turned a once-thriving society into a near-extinct one within decades. This episode sets the stage for understanding the patterns of conquest that would later unfold in Mesoamerica. #Arawak #Taíno #Columbus #Hispaniola #Guacanagarix #Caonabo #Anacaona #BartolomeDeLasCasas #Encomienda #GoldQuota #Genocide #1492 #NewWorld #Colonialism #History #FexingoHistory #Conquistadors #Mesoamerica Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

Huexotzinco: The Aztec Subsistence Tribute State

In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore Huexotzinco, a powerful city-state in the Valley of Puebla that maintained its autonomy through a complex system of subsistence tribute payments to the Aztec Triple Alliance. Unlike conquered provinces that paid regular tributes, Huexotzinco provided only symbolic offerings during specific religious festivals, leveraging its strategic location and military strength. The discussion covers the political maneuvering between Huexotzinco, Tlaxcala, and Tenochtitlan, the role of the Calpulli tribute system, and how the Spanish conquest disrupted these delicate arrangements. Lucas explains the Florentine Codex references, the Matrícula de Tributos, and the significance of the quauhpilolli tax. The episode also touches on modern archaeological work at the site, including the Huexotzinco Codex and the colonial-era lawsuits that preserved indigenous tribute records. This deep dive reveals the nuance of Aztec imperial economics beyond simple tribute extraction. #Huexotzinco #AztecEmpire #Tribute #Mesoamerica #FlorentineCodex #MatrículaDeTributos #Calpulli #Quauhpilolli #Tlaxcala #Tenochtitlan #ValleyOfPuebla #CodexHuexotzinco #NewSpain #IndigenousHistory #Conquest #History #FexingoHistory #Podcast Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]

Cempoala's Cacique Gordo: The Totonac Revolt Against Aztec Rule

In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the pivotal role of Cempoala and its ruler, the Cacique Gordo, in the Spanish conquest of Mexico. They discuss how the Totonac people, weary of Aztec tribute demands, allied with Hernán Cortés in 1519, providing him with thousands of warriors and porters. The episode delves into the politics of tribute as recorded in the Matrícula de Tributos, the experiences of indigenous tameme carriers, and the complex motivations of the Totonac leaders. Lucas also examines Cortés's manipulation of local grievances, the battle of Cempoala, and the subsequent establishment of Villa Rica de la Veracruz. The conversation touches on the Florentine Codex accounts, the role of Malintzin as interpreter, and the long-term consequences for the Totonac people under Spanish rule. Listeners will gain insight into how indigenous allies were crucial to Cortés's success and the tragic irony of their collaboration. #Cempoala #CaciqueGordo #Totonac #HernanCortes #AztecEmpire #MatriculaDeTributos #Tameme #VillaRicaDeLaVeracruz #FlorentineCodex #Malintzin #Conquistadors #Mesoamerica #TributeSystem #IndigenousAllies #SpanishConquest #History #FexingoHistory #Podcast Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo [https://buymeacoffee.com/fexingo]