AI is How America Builds Again

AI's Data Access Question

AI is reopening a core question from the development of the web: how to preserve the freedom to learn [https://a16zpolicy.substack.com/p/preserving-the-freedom-to-learn-in] while giving publishers meaningful control over how their works are made available. In this episode, Matt Perault is joined by Derek Slater, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/derekslater/] cofounder of Proteus Strategies and an expert on information access, copyright, and free expression, to examine this question and explain why it matters for the future of AI. The web worked because people could access, read, analyze, and build on lawfully available information. Standards like robots.txt helped manage the balance between openness and control at scale, giving publishers a way to express preferences without requiring every builder to negotiate permission website by website. AI is now testing that equilibrium. Some proposals would restrict not only unlawful access, like when AI developers circumvent paywalls to get data, but also lawful learning from public information through expanded copyright theories, terms of service, technical barriers, or licensing requirements. Derek and Matt separate those issues, including the difference between training models on lawfully accessed data, producing infringing outputs, using AI tools to summarize content a user can already access, and breaking through access controls. For Little Tech, this question is fundamental. Access to data operates as a form of startup capital, allowing new companies to develop products and compete. But if AI companies can’t learn without negotiating expensive licenses or if large pools of data are entirely off limits to AI learning, then only the biggest, most-resourced companies will be able to survive. Topics covered: 00:00: Introduction 01:45: The freedom to learn and AI data access 04:16: What the early web can teach us about openness, control, and contested norms 08:48: How robots.txt helped publishers express preferences at scale 11:43: Why voluntary standards worked for search engines and publishers 13:50: How freedom to learn applies beyond technology and copyright debates 16:02: The publisher POV on traffic, monetization, and value exchange 18:36: Why AI agents are raising new questions about user control 20:36: The difference between protecting publishers and limiting lawful AI-assisted reading 21:42: How copyright law applies to AI training inputs and model outputs 28:08: How contracts and terms of service can attempt to restrict lawful learning 31:12: The limits of “learning” as a defense 33:53: How licensing markets are evolving around data access and AI outputs 37:12: Technical collaboration and the future of robots.txt-style standards for AI 39:43: Why data access is a Little Tech issue 42:25: Public policy guidance for preserving the freedom to learn 45:29: Closing thoughts Disclosure: Derek Slater has previously provided consulting support to Andreessen Horowitz. The views expressed here are his own, and this conversation was not part of a paid engagement. Resources: Subscribe to the a16z AI Policy Brief: https://a16zpolicy.substack.com/ [https://a16zpolicy.substack.com/] Follow Matt Perault on X: https://x.com/MattPerault [https://x.com/MattPerault] Follow Derek Slater on X: https://x.com/derekslater [https://x.com/derekslater] The content here is for informational purposes only, should not be taken as legal, business, tax, or investment advice or be used to evaluate any investment or security, and is not directed at any investors or potential investors in any a16z fund. Please note that a16z and its affiliates may maintain investments in the companies discussed in this podcast. For more details, including a link to our investments, please see a16z.com/disclosures. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit a16zpolicy.substack.com [https://a16zpolicy.substack.com?utm_medium=podcast&utm_campaign=CTA_1]

Marc Andreessen on Betting on America

Marc Andreessen joins Navin Girishankar, president of the economic security and technology department at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), for a wide-ranging conversation on artificial intelligence, productivity growth, national competitiveness, and America’s technological future. In their conversation, Marc argues that while AI has already begun reshaping the economy, the largest impacts are still ahead. He explores how AI could dramatically expand access to intelligence, improve productivity, and transform industries ranging from healthcare and education to law and software development. At the same time, he warns that many of the biggest barriers to progress are not technological but institutional, driven by policy choices and infrastructure constraints. The discussion also covers the global AI race, U.S.-China competition, export controls, energy, reindustrialization, and the role of government in fostering innovation. Along the way, Marc shares his views on technological progress and why he believes America still has an opportunity to lead the next wave of economic growth. Topics covered: 00:00: Introduction: acceleration, transition, and policy 00:02: The AI boom: optimism versus utopianism 00:04: AI as an intelligence equalizer 00:08: Education and institutional reform 00:13: Productivity by sector: blue sectors and red sectors 00:18: AI infrastructure constraints 00:22: Tariffs and behind-the-border constraints 00:26: Model export controls and the Mythos case 00:33: The technological imperative and policy tradeoffs 00:37: Lessons from Netscape and encryption export controls 00:43: U.S.-China competition, open source AI, and civil-military fusion 00:50: Public sector reform and government capability 00:53: AI for public policy 00:55: Industrial renaissance and American Dynamism 1:00: Closing thoughts Resources: Subscribe to the a16z AI Policy Brief: https://a16zpolicy.substack.com/ [https://a16zpolicy.substack.com/] Follow Marc Andreessen on X: https://x.com/pmarca [https://x.com/pmarca] Follow Navin Girishankar on X: https://x.com/ngirishankar [https://x.com/ngirishankar] Follow CSIS on X: https://x.com/CSIS [https://x.com/CSIS] Please note that the content here is for informational purposes only; should NOT be taken as legal, business, tax, or investment advice or be used to evaluate any investment or security; and is not directed at any investors or potential investors in any a16z fund. a16z and its affiliates may maintain investments in the companies discussed. For more details please see http://a16z.com/disclosures [http://a16z.com/disclosures]. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit a16zpolicy.substack.com [https://a16zpolicy.substack.com?utm_medium=podcast&utm_campaign=CTA_1]

The Political Economy of Little Tech

Policymakers often say they want to support startups. Republicans say it. And Democrats say it. But despite repeatedly saying they support startups, policymakers often propose rules that make it harder for those startups to build and compete. In this episode, Collin McCune, head of government affairs, joins Matt Perault, head of AI policy at a16z, to discuss the political economy of Little Tech: the structural dynamics that produce a policy process that so consistently rewards the companies with the most time, money, and access. In sum, it favors Big over Little. They also talk about the impact of the political economy of Little Tech on consumers. When regulation locks in incumbents, people end up with fewer choices, products that are lower quality and less innovative, and higher costs. Topics covered: 01:00 The paradox of policymaker support for startups 03:30 Why startups are underrepresented in the policy process 05:40 How feedback on bills works in practice 07:30 Why “industry” feedback often misses Little Tech 09:45 The costs of showing up late to policy debates 12:00 Audits, impact assessments, and invisible compliance costs 15:30 How large policy teams create incumbent advantage 18:30 Why audits can be harder than they look 21:15 Policy ideas to better account for startup costs 23:45 Why startup competition matters for everyday people 25:45 Bright spots for Little Tech in Washington 27:30 Lessons from Dodd-Frank and the risk of repeating them in tech Resources: Subscribe to the a16z AI Policy Brief: https://a16zpolicy.substack.com/ [https://a16zpolicy.substack.com/] Follow Matt Perault: https://x.com/MattPerault [https://x.com/MattPerault] Follow Collin McCune: https://x.com/Collin_McCune [https://x.com/Collin_McCune] Please note that the content here is for informational purposes only; should NOT be taken as legal, business, tax, or investment advice or be used to evaluate any investment or security; and is not directed at any investors or potential investors in any a16z fund. a16z and its affiliates may maintain investments in the companies discussed. For more details please see a16z.com/disclosures. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit a16zpolicy.substack.com [https://a16zpolicy.substack.com?utm_medium=podcast&utm_campaign=CTA_1]

AI is How America Builds Again

Policymakers have spent years talking about rebuilding America’s industrial base, reshoring critical supply chains, strengthening defense production, and reducing U.S. dependence on China. But recognizing the need to build is not the same as having the ability to do it. Erin Price-Wright [https://a16z.com/author/erin-price-wright/], general partner on Andreessen Horowitz’s American Dynamism practice, joins the AI Policy Brief to make the case that AI isn’t just a software story. It’s the defining factor in the sectors that determine whether the U.S. can build, power, and defend itself in the decades ahead. She and Matt Perault discuss how AI can help make the math work for building in the U.S. again—from accelerating mine permitting and coordinating complex industrial projects to designing factories, lowering the cost of automation, and bringing robotics to more factory floors. They also discuss where policy needs to catch up: the laws and regulations that make it too hard and slow to build new factories in the U.S. and defense procurement that still favors incumbents over startups. Finally, they discuss how the debates over data centers and jobs will shape whether America’s reindustrialization effort succeeds. The takeaway: if the U.S. gets the policy environment right, AI can strengthen the industrial base, help create new kinds of jobs, and give America a powerful competitive advantage. Topics covered: 00:00: Intro 00:54: Erin’s work investing in AI for the physical world 01:47: Why AI and reindustrialization are converging now 03:07: Applying AI to mining and critical minerals 08:28: What Ukraine reveals about defense production 18:13: How startups are breaking into government markets 20:16: Bringing a factory mindset to critical sectors and complex systems 24:39: How robotics can expand factory automation 30:22: What still makes it too hard to build in the U.S. 32:49: Using AI to design better, cheaper manufactured goods 35:05: Why data centers matter for reindustrialization 39:46: How compute could help modernize the grid and lower costs for consumers 42:50: Why AI could create new industrial jobs Resources: Subscribe to the a16z AI Policy Brief: https://a16zpolicy.substack.com/ [https://a16zpolicy.substack.com/] Follow Matt Perault: https://x.com/MattPerault [https://x.com/MattPerault] Follow Erin Price-Wright: https://x.com/espricewright [https://x.com/espricewright] Please note that the content here is for informational purposes only; should NOT be taken as legal, business, tax, or investment advice or be used to evaluate any investment or security; and is not directed at any investors or potential investors in any a16z fund. a16z and its affiliates may maintain investments in the companies discussed. For more details please see a16z.com/disclosures. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit a16zpolicy.substack.com [https://a16zpolicy.substack.com?utm_medium=podcast&utm_campaign=CTA_1]

Fixing the Front Door to Government

For AI startups, the policy landscape is expanding faster than most small teams can reasonably track. This creates a practical challenge for Little Tech: even when a startup wants to engage constructively, it may not have the resources to follow every debate in every jurisdiction. Ben Supple, head of global policy at ElevenLabs, joins Matt Perault to talk about his experience running a public policy function at a company that is scaling rapidly. ElevenLabs is a leader in voice AI, building products for creators, enterprises, and governments, while its public policy function is still small enough to count on one hand. The conversation offers a look at how a fast-growing AI company prioritizes policy work, builds relationships with governments, and makes the case for clear, consistent rules that startups can implement. They also discuss how voice AI can improve citizen services and outcomes: replacing rigid, menu-based phone trees with more intelligent conversational agents that can resolve issues, switch languages live, and offer greater accessibility. Topics covered: 00:00: Intro 01:42: What is ElevenLabs? 04:59: Voice AI use cases, from dubbing to customer service 06:59: The competitive landscape for voice AI 10:51: Building a policy function at ElevenLabs 12:00: Prioritizing policy work with a small team 15:13: Engaging policymakers across jurisdictions 18:11: Growing and shipping at startup speed 20:19: Human oversight and AI agents 22:54: Key policy issues for voice AI 25:42: Scaling into new regulatory obligations 30:17: State AI rules and the need for clear goalposts 32:25: ElevenLabs’ expansion in New York 34:10: Fixing the front door to government 36:22: Government use cases for voice AI 38:55: The social value of voice AI, One Million Voices, and accessibility Resources: Subscribe to the a16z AI Policy Brief: https://a16zpolicy.substack.com/ [https://a16zpolicy.substack.com/] Follow Matt Perault: https://x.com/MattPerault [https://x.com/MattPerault] Follow Ben Supple: https://www.linkedin.com/in/ben-supple-a900695/ [https://www.linkedin.com/in/ben-supple-a900695/] Learn more about ElevenLabs for Government: https://elevenlabs.io/chatbot/government [https://elevenlabs.io/chatbot/government] Please note that the content here is for informational purposes only; should NOT be taken as legal, business, tax, or investment advice or be used to evaluate any investment or security; and is not directed at any investors or potential investors in any a16z fund. a16z and its affiliates may maintain investments in the companies discussed. For more details please see a16z.com/disclosures. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit a16zpolicy.substack.com [https://a16zpolicy.substack.com?utm_medium=podcast&utm_campaign=CTA_1]