Lex Fridman Podcast

Dylan Patel is the founder of SemiAnalysis, a research & analysis company specializing in semiconductors, GPUs, CPUs, and AI hardware. Nathan Lambert is a research scientist at the Allen Institute for AI (Ai2) and the author of a blog on AI called Interconnects. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep459-sc [https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep459-sc] See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/deepseek-dylan-patel-nathan-lambert-transcript [https://lexfridman.com/deepseek-dylan-patel-nathan-lambert-transcript] CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey [https://lexfridman.com/survey] AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama [https://lexfridman.com/ama] Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring [https://lexfridman.com/hiring] Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact [https://lexfridman.com/contact] EPISODE LINKS: Dylan’s X: https://x.com/dylan522p [https://x.com/dylan522p] SemiAnalysis: https://semianalysis.com/ [https://semianalysis.com/] Nathan’s X: https://x.com/natolambert [https://x.com/natolambert] Nathan’s Blog: https://www.interconnects.ai/ [https://www.interconnects.ai/] Nathan’s Podcast: https://www.interconnects.ai/podcast [https://www.interconnects.ai/podcast] Nathan’s Website: https://www.natolambert.com/ [https://www.natolambert.com/] Nathan’s YouTube: https://youtube.com/@natolambert [https://youtube.com/@natolambert] Nathan’s Book: https://rlhfbook.com/ [https://rlhfbook.com/] SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Invideo AI: AI video generator. Go to https://invideo.io/i/lexpod [https://lexfridman.com/s/invideoai-ep459-sc] GitHub: Developer platform and AI code editor. Go to https://gh.io/copilot [https://lexfridman.com/s/github-ep459-sc] Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/shopify-ep459-sc] NetSuite: Business management software. Go to http://netsuite.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/netsuite-ep459-sc] AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/ag1-ep459-sc] OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (13:28) – DeepSeek-R1 and DeepSeek-V3 (35:02) – Low cost of training (1:01:19) – DeepSeek compute cluster (1:08:52) – Export controls on GPUs to China (1:19:10) – AGI timeline (1:28:35) – China’s manufacturing capacity (1:36:30) – Cold war with China (1:41:00) – TSMC and Taiwan (2:04:38) – Best GPUs for AI (2:19:30) – Why DeepSeek is so cheap (2:32:49) – Espionage (2:41:52) – Censorship (2:54:46) – Andrej Karpathy and magic of RL (3:05:17) – OpenAI o3-mini vs DeepSeek r1 (3:24:25) – NVIDIA (3:28:53) – GPU smuggling (3:35:30) – DeepSeek training on OpenAI data (3:45:59) – AI megaclusters (4:21:21) – Who wins the race to AGI? (4:31:34) – AI agents (4:40:16) – Programming and AI (4:47:43) – Open source (4:56:55) – Stargate (5:04:24) – Future of AI

Marc Andreessen is an entrepreneur, investor, co-creator of Mosaic, co-founder of Netscape, and co-founder of the venture capital firm Andreessen Horowitz. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep458-sc [https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep458-sc] See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/marc-andreessen-2-transcript [https://lexfridman.com/marc-andreessen-2-transcript] CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey [https://lexfridman.com/survey] AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama [https://lexfridman.com/ama] Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring [https://lexfridman.com/hiring] Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact [https://lexfridman.com/contact] EPISODE LINKS: Marc’s X: https://x.com/pmarca [https://x.com/pmarca] Marc’s Substack: https://pmarca.substack.com [https://pmarca.substack.com] Marc’s YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@a16z [https://www.youtube.com/@a16z] Andreessen Horowitz: https://a16z.com [https://a16z.com] SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Encord: AI tooling for annotation & data management. Go to https://encord.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/encord-ep458-sc] GitHub: Developer platform and AI code editor. Go to https://gh.io/copilot [https://lexfridman.com/s/github-ep458-sc] Notion: Note-taking and team collaboration. Go to https://notion.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/notion-ep458-sc] Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/shopify-ep458-sc] LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/lmnt-ep458-sc] OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (12:46) – Best possible future (22:09) – History of Western Civilization (31:28) – Trump in 2025 (39:09) – TDS in tech (51:56) – Preference falsification (1:07:52) – Self-censorship (1:22:55) – Censorship (1:31:34) – Jon Stewart (1:34:20) – Mark Zuckerberg on Joe Rogan (1:43:09) – Government pressure (1:53:57) – Nature of power (2:06:45) – Journalism (2:12:20) – Bill Ackman (2:17:17) – Trump administration (2:24:56) – DOGE (2:38:48) – H1B and immigration (3:16:42) – Little tech (3:29:02) – AI race (3:37:52) – X (3:41:24) – Yann LeCun (3:44:59) – Andrew Huberman (3:46:30) – Success (3:49:26) – God and humanity PODCAST LINKS: – Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast [https://lexfridman.com/podcast] – Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr [https://apple.co/2lwqZIr] – Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 [https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8] – RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ [https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/] – Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4] – Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips [https://www.youtube.com/lexclips]

Jennifer Burns is a historian of ideas, focusing on the evolution of economic, political, and social ideas in the United States in the 20th century. She wrote two biographies, one on Milton Friedman, and the other on Ayn Rand. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep457-sc [https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep457-sc] See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/jennifer-burns-transcript [https://lexfridman.com/jennifer-burns-transcript] CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey [https://lexfridman.com/survey] AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama [https://lexfridman.com/ama] Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring [https://lexfridman.com/hiring] Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact [https://lexfridman.com/contact] EPISODE LINKS: Jennifer’s X: https://x.com/profburns [https://x.com/profburns] Jennifer’s Website: https://www.jenniferburns.org [https://www.jenniferburns.org] Jennifer’s Books: Milton Friedman biography: https://amzn.to/4hfy1HO [https://amzn.to/4hfy1HO] Ayn Rand biography: https://amzn.to/4afr3A0 [https://amzn.to/4afr3A0] SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Brain.fm: Music for focus. Go to https://brain.fm/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/brainfm-ep457-sc] GitHub: Developer platform and AI code editor. Go to https://gh.io/copilot [https://lexfridman.com/s/github-ep457-sc] LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/lmnt-ep457-sc] Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/shopify-ep457-sc] AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/ag1-ep457-sc] OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (10:05) – Milton Friedman (24:58) – The Great Depression (39:15) – Schools of economic thought (50:22) – Keynesian economics (58:10) – Laissez-faire (1:06:00) – Friedrich Hayek (1:11:18) – Money and monetarism (1:26:03) – Stagflation (1:30:56) – Moral case for capitalism (1:34:53) – Freedom (1:39:51) – Ethics of competition (1:43:37) – Win-win solutions (1:45:26) – Corruption (1:47:51) – Government intervention (1:54:10) – Conservatism (2:00:33) – Donald Trump (2:03:09) – Inflation (2:07:38) – DOGE (2:12:58) – Javier Milei (2:18:03) – Richard Nixon (2:25:17) – Ronald Reagan (2:28:24) – Cryptocurrency (2:43:40) – Ayn Rand (2:51:18) – The Fountainhead (3:02:58) – Sex and power dynamics (3:19:04) – Evolution of ideas in history (3:26:32) – Postmodernism (3:37:33) – Advice to students (3:45:50) – Lex reflects on Volodymyr Zelenskyy interview PODCAST LINKS: – Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast [https://lexfridman.com/podcast] – Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr [https://apple.co/2lwqZIr] – Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 [https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8] – RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ [https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/] – Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4] – Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips [https://www.youtube.com/lexclips]

Volodymyr Zelenskyy is the President of Ukraine. On YouTube this episode is available in English, Ukrainian, and Russian. Captions and voice-over audio tracks are provided in English, Ukrainian, Russian, and the original mixed-language version, with subtitles available in your preferred language. To listen to the original mixed language version, please select the English (UK) audio track audio track. The default is English overdub. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep456-sc [https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep456-sc] See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/volodymyr-zelenskyy-transcript [https://lexfridman.com/volodymyr-zelenskyy-transcript] CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey [https://lexfridman.com/survey] AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama [https://lexfridman.com/ama] Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring [https://lexfridman.com/hiring] Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact [https://lexfridman.com/contact] EPISODE LINKS: President Zelenskyy’s X: https://x.com/ZelenskyyUa [https://x.com/ZelenskyyUa] President Zelenskyy’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/zelenskyy_official [https://instagram.com/zelenskyy_official] President Zelenskyy’s Website: https://www.president.gov.ua/ [https://www.president.gov.ua/] SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Notion: Note-taking and team collaboration. Go to https://notion.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/notion-ep456-sc] GitHub: Developer platform and AI code editor. Go to https://gh.io/copilot [https://lexfridman.com/s/github-ep456-sc] AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/ag1-ep456-sc] LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/lmnt-ep456-sc] Eight Sleep: Temp-controlled smart mattress cover. Go to https://eightsleep.com/lex [https://eightsleep.com/lex] BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/betterhelp-ep456-sc] OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (20:17) – Language (30:06) – World War II (46:54) – Invasion on Feb 24, 2022 (53:30) – Negotiating Peace (1:13:47) – NATO and security guarantees (1:26:39) – Sitting down with Putin and Trump (1:46:09) – Compromise and leverage (1:51:38) – Putin and Russia (2:01:30) – Donald Trump (2:12:01) – Martial Law and Elections (2:24:21) – Corruption (2:33:06) – Elon Musk (2:37:10) – Trump Inauguration on Jan 20 (2:40:18) – Power dynamics in Ukraine (2:43:50) – Future of Ukraine (2:48:32) – Choice of language (2:58:02) – Podcast prep and research process (3:06:27) – Travel and setup (3:12:13) – Conclusion PODCAST LINKS: – Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast [https://lexfridman.com/podcast] – Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr [https://apple.co/2lwqZIr] – Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 [https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8] – RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ [https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/] – Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4] – Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips [https://www.youtube.com/lexclips] SOCIAL LINKS: – X: https://x.com/lexfridman [https://x.com/lexfridman] – Instagram: https://instagram.com/lexfridman [https://instagram.com/lexfridman] – TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman [https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman] – LinkedIn: https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman [https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman] – Facebook: https://facebook.com/lexfridman [https://facebook.com/lexfridman] – Patreon: https://patreon.com/lexfridman [https://patreon.com/lexfridman] – Telegram: https://t.me/lexfridman [https://t.me/lexfridman] – Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman [https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman]

Adam Frank is an astrophysicist studying star systems and the search for extraterrestrial life and alien civilizations. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep455-sc [https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep455-sc] See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/adam-frank-transcript [https://lexfridman.com/adam-frank-transcript] CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey [https://lexfridman.com/survey] AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama [https://lexfridman.com/ama] Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring [https://lexfridman.com/hiring] Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact [https://lexfridman.com/contact] EPISODE LINKS: Adam’s Website: https://adamfrankscience.com [https://adamfrankscience.com] Adam’s X: https://x.com/adamfrank4 [https://x.com/adamfrank4] Adam’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/adamfrankscience [https://instagram.com/adamfrankscience] Adam’s Books: The Little Book of Aliens: https://amzn.to/3OTX1rP [https://amzn.to/3OTX1rP] Light of the Stars: https://amzn.to/4iMKC6C [https://amzn.to/4iMKC6C] The Blind Spot: https://amzn.to/4gOCe4K [https://amzn.to/4gOCe4K] The Constant Fire: https://amzn.to/3ZVnxX4 [https://amzn.to/3ZVnxX4] SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Encord: AI tooling for annotation & data management. Go to https://encord.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/encord-ep455-sc] Eight Sleep: Temp-controlled smart mattress cover. Go to https://eightsleep.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/eight_sleep-ep455-sc] Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/shopify-ep455-sc] NetSuite: Business management software. Go to http://netsuite.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/netsuite-ep455-sc] BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/betterhelp-ep455-sc] Notion: Note-taking and team collaboration. Go to https://notion.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/notion-ep455-sc] LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/lmnt-ep455-sc] AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/ag1-ep455-sc] OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (14:22) – Planet formation (19:32) – Plate tectonics (26:54) – Extinction events (31:04) – Biosphere (34:02) – Technosphere (38:17) – Emergence of intelligence (44:29) – Drake equation (48:43) – Exoplanets (51:28) – Habitable zones (54:30) – Fermi Paradox (1:03:28) – Alien civilizations (1:12:55) – Colonizing Mars (1:25:11) – Search for aliens (1:41:37) – Alien megastructures (1:47:43) – Kardashev scale (1:52:56) – Detecting aliens (1:59:38) – Warp drives (2:05:45) – Cryogenics (2:09:03) – What aliens look like (2:17:48) – Alien contact (2:28:53) – UFO sightings (2:40:38) – Physics of life (3:06:29) – Nature of time (3:22:53) – Cognition (3:27:16) – Mortality