Lex Fridman Podcast

Adam Frank is an astrophysicist studying star systems and the search for extraterrestrial life and alien civilizations. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep455-sc [https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep455-sc] See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/adam-frank-transcript [https://lexfridman.com/adam-frank-transcript] CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey [https://lexfridman.com/survey] AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama [https://lexfridman.com/ama] Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring [https://lexfridman.com/hiring] Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact [https://lexfridman.com/contact] EPISODE LINKS: Adam’s Website: https://adamfrankscience.com [https://adamfrankscience.com] Adam’s X: https://x.com/adamfrank4 [https://x.com/adamfrank4] Adam’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/adamfrankscience [https://instagram.com/adamfrankscience] Adam’s Books: The Little Book of Aliens: https://amzn.to/3OTX1rP [https://amzn.to/3OTX1rP] Light of the Stars: https://amzn.to/4iMKC6C [https://amzn.to/4iMKC6C] The Blind Spot: https://amzn.to/4gOCe4K [https://amzn.to/4gOCe4K] The Constant Fire: https://amzn.to/3ZVnxX4 [https://amzn.to/3ZVnxX4] SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Encord: AI tooling for annotation & data management. Go to https://encord.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/encord-ep455-sc] Eight Sleep: Temp-controlled smart mattress cover. Go to https://eightsleep.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/eight_sleep-ep455-sc] Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/shopify-ep455-sc] NetSuite: Business management software. Go to http://netsuite.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/netsuite-ep455-sc] BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/betterhelp-ep455-sc] Notion: Note-taking and team collaboration. Go to https://notion.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/notion-ep455-sc] LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/lmnt-ep455-sc] AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/ag1-ep455-sc] OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (14:22) – Planet formation (19:32) – Plate tectonics (26:54) – Extinction events (31:04) – Biosphere (34:02) – Technosphere (38:17) – Emergence of intelligence (44:29) – Drake equation (48:43) – Exoplanets (51:28) – Habitable zones (54:30) – Fermi Paradox (1:03:28) – Alien civilizations (1:12:55) – Colonizing Mars (1:25:11) – Search for aliens (1:41:37) – Alien megastructures (1:47:43) – Kardashev scale (1:52:56) – Detecting aliens (1:59:38) – Warp drives (2:05:45) – Cryogenics (2:09:03) – What aliens look like (2:17:48) – Alien contact (2:28:53) – UFO sightings (2:40:38) – Physics of life (3:06:29) – Nature of time (3:22:53) – Cognition (3:27:16) – Mortality

Saagar Enjeti is a political journalist & commentator, co-host of Breaking Points with Krystal and Saagar and The Realignment Podcast. He is exceptionally well-read, and the books he recommends are always fascinating and eye-opening. You can check out all the books he mentions in this episode here: https://lexfridman.com/saagar-books [https://lexfridman.com/saagar-books] Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep454-sc [https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep454-sc] See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/saagar-enjeti-2-transcript [https://lexfridman.com/saagar-enjeti-2-transcript] CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey [https://lexfridman.com/survey] AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama [https://lexfridman.com/ama] Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring [https://lexfridman.com/hiring] Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact [https://lexfridman.com/contact] EPISODE LINKS: Saagar’s Book Recommendations: https://lexfridman.com/saagar-books [https://lexfridman.com/saagar-books] Saagar’s Substack (where he recommends more books): https://saagarenjeti.substack.com/ [https://saagarenjeti.substack.com/] Saagar’s X: https://x.com/esaagar [https://x.com/esaagar] Saagar’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/esaagar [https://instagram.com/esaagar] Breaking Points: https://youtube.com/@breakingpoints [https://youtube.com/@breakingpoints] The Realignment Podcast: https://www.youtube.com/@therealignment [https://www.youtube.com/@therealignment] Saagar’s Linktree: https://linktr.ee/esaagar [https://linktr.ee/esaagar] SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Eight Sleep: Temp-controlled smart mattress cover. Go to https://eightsleep.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/eight_sleep-ep454-sc] AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/ag1-ep454-sc] LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/lmnt-ep454-sc] BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/betterhelp-ep454-sc] Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/shopify-ep454-sc] NetSuite: Business management software. Go to http://netsuite.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/netsuite-ep454-sc] OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (09:47) – Why Trump won (14:48) – Book recommendations (18:24) – History of wokeism (25:54) – History of Scots-Irish (32:32) – Biden (36:34) – FDR (38:36) – George W Bush (40:59) – LBJ (46:15) – Cuban Missile Crisis (53:48) – Immigration (1:25:46) – DOGE (1:52:27) – MAGA ideology (1:55:39) – Bernie Sanders (2:04:00) – Obama vs Trump (2:21:00) – Nancy Pelosi (2:24:14) – Kamala Harris (2:40:00) – 2020 Election (3:03:49) – Sam Harris (3:14:55) – UFOs (3:20:47) – Future of the Republican Party (3:27:24) – Future of the Democratic Party (3:35:21) – Hope

Javier Milei is the President of Argentina. This episode is available in both English and Spanish. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep453-sc [https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep453-sc] See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/javier-milei-transcript [https://lexfridman.com/javier-milei-transcript] CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey [https://lexfridman.com/survey] AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama [https://lexfridman.com/ama] Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring [https://lexfridman.com/hiring] Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact [https://lexfridman.com/contact] EPISODE LINKS: Javier Milei’s X: https://x.com/JMilei [https://x.com/JMilei] Javier Milei’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/javiermilei [https://instagram.com/javiermilei] Javier Milei’s Facebook: https://facebook.com/JavierMileiEconomista [https://facebook.com/JavierMileiEconomista] SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Eight Sleep: Temp-controlled smart mattress. Go to https://eightsleep.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/eight_sleep-ep453-sc] NetSuite: Business management software. Go to http://netsuite.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/netsuite-ep453-sc] BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/betterhelp-ep453-sc] AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/ag1-ep453-sc] LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/lmnt-ep453-sc] OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (14:44) – Economic freedom (20:09) – Anarcho-capitalism (30:02) – Presidency and reforms (49:22) – Poverty (55:54) – Corruption (1:04:32) – Freedom (1:18:43) – Elon Musk (1:24:11) – DOGE (1:26:13) – Donald Trump (1:32:13) – US and Argentina relations (1:39:22) – Messi vs Maradona (1:48:16) – God (1:50:22) – Elvis and Rolling Stones (1:54:02) – Free market (2:01:03) – Loyalty (2:03:40) – Advice for young people (2:05:06) – Hope for Argentina PODCAST LINKS: – Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast [https://lexfridman.com/podcast] – Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr [https://apple.co/2lwqZIr] – Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 [https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8] – RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ [https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/] – Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4] – Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips [https://www.youtube.com/lexclips] SOCIAL LINKS: – X: https://x.com/lexfridman [https://x.com/lexfridman] – Instagram: https://instagram.com/lexfridman [https://instagram.com/lexfridman] – TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman [https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman] – LinkedIn: https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman [https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman] – Facebook: https://facebook.com/lexfridman [https://facebook.com/lexfridman] – Patreon: https://patreon.com/lexfridman [https://patreon.com/lexfridman] – Telegram: https://t.me/lexfridman [https://t.me/lexfridman] – Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman [https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman]

Dario Amodei is the CEO of Anthropic, the company that created Claude. Amanda Askell is an AI researcher working on Claude’s character and personality. Chris Olah is an AI researcher working on mechanistic interpretability. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep452-sc [https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep452-sc] See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/dario-amodei-transcript [https://lexfridman.com/dario-amodei-transcript] CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey [https://lexfridman.com/survey] AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama [https://lexfridman.com/ama] Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring [https://lexfridman.com/hiring] Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact [https://lexfridman.com/contact] EPISODE LINKS: Claude: https://claude.ai [https://claude.ai] Anthropic’s X: https://x.com/AnthropicAI [https://x.com/AnthropicAI] Anthropic’s Website: https://anthropic.com [https://anthropic.com] Dario’s X: https://x.com/DarioAmodei [https://x.com/DarioAmodei] Dario’s Website: https://darioamodei.com [https://darioamodei.com] Machines of Loving Grace (Essay): https://darioamodei.com/machines-of-loving-grace [https://darioamodei.com/machines-of-loving-grace] Chris’s X: https://x.com/ch402 [https://x.com/ch402] Chris’s Blog: https://colah.github.io [https://colah.github.io] Amanda’s X: https://x.com/AmandaAskell [https://x.com/AmandaAskell] Amanda’s Website: https://askell.io [https://askell.io] SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Encord: AI tooling for annotation & data management. Go to https://encord.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/encord-ep452-sc] Notion: Note-taking and team collaboration. Go to https://notion.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/notion-ep452-sc] Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/shopify-ep452-sc] BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/betterhelp-ep452-sc] LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/lmnt-ep452-sc] OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (10:19) – Scaling laws (19:25) – Limits of LLM scaling (27:51) – Competition with OpenAI, Google, xAI, Meta (33:14) – Claude (36:50) – Opus 3.5 (41:36) – Sonnet 3.5 (44:56) – Claude 4.0 (49:07) – Criticism of Claude (1:01:54) – AI Safety Levels (1:12:42) – ASL-3 and ASL-4 (1:16:46) – Computer use (1:26:41) – Government regulation of AI (1:45:30) – Hiring a great team (1:54:19) – Post-training (1:59:45) – Constitutional AI (2:05:11) – Machines of Loving Grace (2:24:17) – AGI timeline (2:36:52) – Programming (2:43:52) – Meaning of life (2:49:58) – Amanda Askell – Philosophy (2:52:26) – Programming advice for non-technical people (2:56:15) – Talking to Claude (3:12:47) – Prompt engineering (3:21:21) – Post-training (3:26:00) – Constitutional AI (3:30:53) – System prompts (3:37:00) – Is Claude getting dumber? (3:49:02) – Character training (3:50:01) – Nature of truth (3:54:38) – Optimal rate of failure (4:01:49) – AI consciousness (4:16:20) – AGI (4:24:58) – Chris Olah – Mechanistic Interpretability (4:29:49) – Features, Circuits, Universality (4:47:23) – Superposition (4:58:22) – Monosemanticity (5:05:14) – Scaling Monosemanticity (5:14:02) – Macroscopic behavior of neural networks (5:18:56) – Beauty of neural networks

Rick Spence is a historian specializing in the history of intelligence agencies, espionage, secret societies, conspiracies, the occult, and military history. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep451-sc [https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep451-sc] See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/rick-spence-transcript [https://lexfridman.com/rick-spence-transcript] CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey [https://lexfridman.com/survey] AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama [https://lexfridman.com/ama] Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring [https://lexfridman.com/hiring] Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact [https://lexfridman.com/contact] EPISODE LINKS: Rick’s Website: https://www.uidaho.edu/class/history/faculty-staff/richard-spence [https://www.uidaho.edu/class/history/faculty-staff/richard-spence] Rick’s Courses: https://bit.ly/40dIZbw [https://bit.ly/40dIZbw] SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/ag1-ep451-sc] NetSuite: Business management software. Go to http://netsuite.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/netsuite-ep451-sc] BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/betterhelp-ep451-sc] MasterClass: Online classes from world-class experts. Go to https://masterclass.com/lexpod [https://lexfridman.com/s/masterclass-ep451-sc] Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex [https://lexfridman.com/s/shopify-ep451-sc] OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (09:04) – KGB and CIA (23:21) – Okhrana, Cheka, NKVD (38:53) – CIA spies vs KGB spies (45:29) – Assassinations and mind control (52:23) – Jeffrey Epstein (59:15) – Bohemian Grove (1:11:09) – Occultism (1:22:20) – Nazi party and Thule society (2:02:38) – Protocols of the Elders of Zion (2:35:43) – Charles Manson (3:02:30) – Zodiac Killer (3:13:24) – Illuminati (3:20:48) – Secret societies PODCAST LINKS: – Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast [https://lexfridman.com/podcast] – Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr [https://apple.co/2lwqZIr] – Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 [https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8] – RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ [https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/] – Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4] – Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips [https://www.youtube.com/lexclips] SOCIAL LINKS: – X: https://x.com/lexfridman [https://x.com/lexfridman] – Instagram: https://instagram.com/lexfridman [https://instagram.com/lexfridman] – TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman [https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman] – LinkedIn: https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman [https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman] – Facebook: https://facebook.com/lexfridman [https://facebook.com/lexfridman] – Patreon: https://patreon.com/lexfridman [https://patreon.com/lexfridman] – Telegram: https://t.me/lexfridman [https://t.me/lexfridman] – Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman [https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman]