The Pragmatic Engineer

CI/CD with Robert Erez

Brought to You By: • Antithesis [https://antithesis.com/pragmatic] – verify your system’s correctness without human review or traditional integration tests – and avoid bugs or outages. • WorkOS [https://workos.com/] – everything you need to make your app enterprise ready. • turbopuffer [https://turbopuffer.com/pragmatic] – a vector and full-text search engine built on object storage. It’s fast, cheap, and extremely scalable. — Robert Erez is a principal engineer at Octopus Deploy, and a longtime expert in CI/CD, deployment systems, and software delivery. Rob and I were also once colleagues on the Skype web team, working on large-scale deployments and release processes. In this episode of The Pragmatic Engineer, I sit down with Rob to discuss how teams deploy software safely and efficiently at scale. We cover Kubernetes, GitOps, platform engineering, progressive delivery, feature flags, cloud development environments, and the growing role of AI in CI/CD workflows. We also get into the tradeoffs in different deployment approaches, why self-hosted software still matters for some organizations, and the recent evolution of software delivery practices. — Timestamps 00:00 Intro 02:09 Canary deployments at Skype 05:01 Joining at Octopus Deploy 06:15 Continuous deployment 10:26 Why Kubernetes won 15:51 Kubernetes on-prem 18:50 How GitOps works 25:00 The uses and limitations of GitOps 31:04 The rise of platform teams 35:51 How AI is changing CI/CD 39:49 Progressive delivery explained 47:31 Rollbacks and roll-forwards 50:14 Feature flags 54:32 How development environments are evolving 57:40 Cloud development environments (CDEs) 1:03:45 Self-hosting CI/CD 1:09:25 Getting started with progressive delivery 1:11:15 Book recommendations — The Pragmatic Engineer deepdives relevant for this episode: • Kubernetes and retiring at the top [https://newsletter.pragmaticengineer.com/p/kubernetes-and-retiring-at-the-top] with Kelsey Hightower • The past and future of modern backend practices [https://newsletter.pragmaticengineer.com/p/the-past-and-future-of-backend-practices] • Microsoft is dogfooding AI dev tools’ future [https://newsletter.pragmaticengineer.com/p/microsoft-ai-dev-tools] • How Kubernetes is built [https://newsletter.pragmaticengineer.com/p/how-kubernetes-is-built-with-kat] with Kat Cosgrove • How Linux is built [https://newsletter.pragmaticengineer.com/p/how-linux-is-built-with-greg-kroah] with Greg KH — Production and marketing by ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ [https://penname.co/]https://penname.co/⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ [https://newsletter.pragmaticengineer.com/p/engineers-leading-projects]. For inquiries about sponsoring the podcast, email podcast@pragmaticengineer.com. Get full access to The Pragmatic Engineer at newsletter.pragmaticengineer.com/subscribe [https://newsletter.pragmaticengineer.com/subscribe?utm_medium=podcast&utm_campaign=CTA_4]

Kubernetes and retiring at the top with Kelsey Hightower

Brought to You By: • Antithesis [https://antithesis.com/pragmatic] – verify your system’s correctness without human review or traditional integration tests – and avoid bugs or outages. • Buildkite [http://buildkite.com/pragmatic] – CI software built to absorb whatever your coding agents throw at the build queue • Sentry [https://sentry.io/pragmatic] – application monitoring software considered “not bad” by millions of developers — Kelsey Hightower went from a self-taught technician installing DSL modems to becoming one of Google’s elite Distinguished Engineers, whom the CEO of Microsoft personally tried to recruit. Hightower’s career achievements are rooted in hard work and self-directed learning, and today he’s one of the most influential voices in modern infrastructure, through his talks, open source work, and writing. In this episode of The Pragmatic Engineer podcast, Kelsey and I cover his unconventional path into tech and the lessons he’s learned during three decades in the industry. We discuss his entrepreneurial years, building a reputation through open source, the rise of containers and Kubernetes, and his time at Google during one of the most consequential periods in cloud computing.  He recounts how a job offer from a big tech giant led to the biggest raise of his career, what prompted him to slow down after years of career acceleration, and we also discuss his perspective on AI. Throughout, Kelsey keeps a simple idea front of mind: that technology is ultimately about people. Whether it’s infrastructure, leadership, careers, or AI, he argues that the goal is not to build technology for its own sake; it’s to solve meaningful human problems. — Timestamps 00:00 Intro 03:34 Kelsey’s first job at McDonald’s 05:04 His non-traditional path into tech 11:45 Landing his first tech job with an A+ certification 15:33 His entrepreneurial years 19:45 Joining Google as a data center technician 27:48 Learning automation at a Rackspace spinoff 33:26 Moving into financial services 50:00 Building a reputation through open source 53:55 From configuration management to containers 1:08:20 The rise of Kubernetes 1:25:05 Why he almost joined NASA instead of Google 1:29:20 Defining DevRel at Google 1:38:20 Demonstrating impact at Google 1:41:20 Microsoft's offer 1:55:20 Learning how to slow down 2:06:39 Advising and investing 2:15:03 A people-first view of GenAI 2:24:27 Using AI with guardrails 2:28:26 Matching AI to the task 2:36:06 Staying relevant in the AI era — The Pragmatic Engineer deepdives relevant for this episode: • Career paths for software engineers at large tech companies [https://newsletter.pragmaticengineer.com/p/career-paths-for-software-engineers] • The past and future of modern backend practices [https://newsletter.pragmaticengineer.com/p/the-past-and-future-of-backend-practices] • How Kubernetes is built [https://newsletter.pragmaticengineer.com/p/how-kubernetes-is-built-with-kat] • How Linux is built [https://newsletter.pragmaticengineer.com/p/how-linux-is-built-with-greg-kroah] • The Staff Engineer’s Path: You’re a role model now (sorry!) [https://newsletter.pragmaticengineer.com/p/the-staff-engineers-path] — Production and marketing by ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ [https://penname.co/]https://penname.co/⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ [https://newsletter.pragmaticengineer.com/p/engineers-leading-projects]. For inquiries about sponsoring the podcast, email podcast@pragmaticengineer.com. Get full access to The Pragmatic Engineer at newsletter.pragmaticengineer.com/subscribe [https://newsletter.pragmaticengineer.com/subscribe?utm_medium=podcast&utm_campaign=CTA_4]

Building OpenCode with Dax Raad

Brought to You By: • Antithesis [https://antithesis.com/pragmatic] – verify your system’s correctness without human review or traditional integration tests – and avoid bugs or outages. • WorkOS [https://workos.com/] – Everything you need to make your app enterprise ready. • turbopuffer [https://turbopuffer.com/pragmatic] – a vector and full-text search engine built on object storage. It’s fast, cheap, and extremely scalable. — OpenCode is one of the fastest-growing AI developer tools around, surging in just a few months from roughly 650,000 monthly active users to nearly 8 million, and almost 1M daily active users. In this episode of The Pragmatic Engineer Podcast, we meet Dax Raad, co-founder of OpenCode, for a discussion about the gaps in developer tooling that led him to build OpenCode, the advantages of open source, and why taste and engineering judgment matter even more as AI becomes a core part of software development. We also cover how OpenCode turned Anthropic’s blocking of integration with Claude Code into a massive growth lever by partnering with OpenAI and other model providers, why GPU demand is becoming a bottleneck everywhere, how come AI coding tools don’t automatically mean engineering teams move faster, and also why Dax is personally skeptical about predictions for the future of engineering and work, in general. I found this conversation especially interesting because Dax displays a healthy skepticism toward the benefits of AI, even while building one of the most popular AI coding harnesses. — Timestamps 00:00 Intro 07:03 Dax’s path into tech 09:04 Early startup experience 13:16 Getting involved with open source 16:13 OpenCode 23:17 Anthropic banning OpenCode 30:34 From terminal to GUI 32:34 OpenCode’s business model 36:33 Why inference is profitable 39:11 GPU bottlenecks 40:54 AI hype 45:50 AI spending 48:47 Dax’s memo 55:41 Dax’s skepticism of predictions 58:58 Engineering culture at OpenCode 1:02:38 How building works at OpenCode 1:05:36 Taste and quality 1:11:32 Dax’s work setup 1:12:35 The role of engineers and EMs 1:15:50 Advice for engineers 1:18:12 Book recommendation — The Pragmatic Engineer deepdives relevant for this episode: • How Claude Code is built [https://newsletter.pragmaticengineer.com/p/how-claude-code-is-built] • How Codex is built [https://newsletter.pragmaticengineer.com/p/how-codex-is-built] • Real-world engineering challenges: building Cursor [https://newsletter.pragmaticengineer.com/p/cursor] • The AI Engineering stack [https://newsletter.pragmaticengineer.com/p/the-ai-engineering-stack] • How Uber uses AI for development: inside look [https://newsletter.pragmaticengineer.com/p/how-uber-uses-ai-for-development] — Production and marketing by ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ [https://penname.co/]https://penname.co/⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ [https://newsletter.pragmaticengineer.com/p/engineers-leading-projects]. For inquiries about sponsoring the podcast, email podcast@pragmaticengineer.com. Get full access to The Pragmatic Engineer at newsletter.pragmaticengineer.com/subscribe [https://newsletter.pragmaticengineer.com/subscribe?utm_medium=podcast&utm_campaign=CTA_4]

Why Rust is different, with Alice Ryhl

Brought to You By: • Antithesis [https://antithesis.com/pragmatic] – verify your system’s correctness without human review or traditional integration tests – and avoid bugs or outages. • Sentry [https://sentry.io/pragmatic]⁠ [https://sentry.io/pragmatic] – application monitoring software considered “not bad” by millions of developers • ⁠ [https://craft-conf.com/2026]Craft Conference [https://craft-conf.com/2026]⁠ [https://craft-conf.com/2026]: join Gergely, Kent Beck, Hillel Wayne and others at the conference dedicated to the art and science of software delivery craft. — Rust is one of the most admired programming languages around – and also one of the hardest to learn. What makes developers stick with it? In this episode of The Pragmatic Engineer Podcast, I sit down with Alice Ryhl, a software engineer on Google’s Android Rust team, and a core maintainer of Tokio, which is the most widely-used async runtime in Rust. We discuss what makes Rust different from other languages like TypeScript, Go, and C++, and why so many developers say that “once it compiles, it works.” We go deep into memory safety, ownership, borrowing, unsafe Rust, and Cargo. We also cover how Rust is governed by RFCs, feature flags, its six-week release cycle, how engineers get paid to work on the language, and also look into how Rust’s use inside the Linux kernel is progressing. — Timestamps (00:00) Intro (04:09) Tokio: an overview (05:11) What Alice likes about Rust (12:48) Rust for TypeScript engineers (13:51) Moving from C++ to Rust (14:34) Memory safety (18:12) Garbage collection tradeoffs (21:46) Ownership, references, and borrowing (26:59) Unsafe in Rust (31:21) Crates and Cargo (35:55) Language design and RFCs (43:02) Building new features (46:30) Editions vs. versions (49:47) Getting paid to work on Rust (51:27) Contributing to Rust (53:03) Rust in the Linux kernel (55:45) AI use cases for Rust (1:01:35) Learning Rust (1:03:54) Book recommendation — The Pragmatic Engineer deepdives relevant for this episode: • The past and future of modern backend practices [https://newsletter.pragmaticengineer.com/p/the-past-and-future-of-backend-practices] • How Kotlin was built [https://newsletter.pragmaticengineer.com/p/the-programming-language-after-kotlin] with Andrey Breslav • How Swift was built [https://newsletter.pragmaticengineer.com/p/from-swift-to-mojo-and-high-performance] with Chris Lattner • How Linux is built [https://newsletter.pragmaticengineer.com/p/how-linux-is-built-with-greg-kroah] with Greg KH — Production and marketing by ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ [https://penname.co/]https://penname.co/⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ [https://newsletter.pragmaticengineer.com/p/engineers-leading-projects]. For inquiries about sponsoring the podcast, email podcast@pragmaticengineer.com. Get full access to The Pragmatic Engineer at newsletter.pragmaticengineer.com/subscribe [https://newsletter.pragmaticengineer.com/subscribe?utm_medium=podcast&utm_campaign=CTA_4]

TypeScript, C# and Turbo Pascal with Anders Hejlsberg

Brought to You By: • Antithesis [https://antithesis.com/pragmatic] – verify your system’s correctness without human review or traditional integration tests – and avoid bugs or outages. • WorkOS [https://workos.com/] – Everything you need to make your app enterprise ready. • turbopuffer [https://turbopuffer.com/pragmatic] – a vector and full-text search engine built on object storage. It’s fast, cheap, and extremely scalable. — Anders Hejlsberg is a living legend and one of the most influential programming language designers of all time. He created Turbo Pascal, Delphi, C#, and also TypeScript. As well as that, he spent nearly a decade at the pioneering dev tools company, Borland, and is now in his 30th year of working at Microsoft, where he’s a Technical Fellow. In this episode, we discuss what it takes to build programming languages that developers love to use, and trace his career from writing his first compiler to creating Turbo Pascal and Delphi, and helping to pioneer modern software development through C# and TypeScript. Anders details how C# was designed by a small group of experienced language designers who met a few hours each week, and he explains why tooling was just as important as the language for TypeScript’s success, and what he has learned from building languages which stay relevant for decades. We also look into how Anders uses AI today, which language features suit AI-assisted development, and what he thinks is changing in the craft of software engineering as developers move further away from writing code line by line. — Timestamps (00:00) Intro (02:48) How Anders got into programming  (05:40) Building his first compiler  (07:44) Turbo Pascal (12:25) Delphi  (14:53) Joining Microsoft (19:41) Building C#  (29:11) Async/await (34:01) The rise of JavaScript (37:52) Building TypeScript (42:58) How the TypeScript compiler works  (48:30) JavaScript’s strengths and weaknesses (52:18) How Anders uses AI  (56:03) What language features work well with AI  (1:02:49) How software craftsmanship is changing (1:07:49) Performance and efficiency  (1:09:29) Anders’ tool stack  (1:11:30) A 30-year career at Microsoft (1:13:40) Book recommendation — The Pragmatic Engineer deepdives relevant for this episode: • Microsoft’s developer tools roots [https://newsletter.pragmaticengineer.com/p/microsofts-developer-tools-roots] • 50 Years of Microsoft and developer tools [https://newsletter.pragmaticengineer.com/p/50-years-of-microsoft] with Scott Guthrie • How Linux is built [https://newsletter.pragmaticengineer.com/p/how-linux-is-built-with-greg-kroah] with Greg Kroah-Hartman • How will AI change operating systems? Part 1: Ubuntu and Linux [https://newsletter.pragmaticengineer.com/p/ubuntu-and-ai] • How Uber uses AI for development: inside look [https://newsletter.pragmaticengineer.com/p/how-uber-uses-ai-for-development] — Production and marketing by ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ [https://penname.co/]https://penname.co/⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ [https://newsletter.pragmaticengineer.com/p/engineers-leading-projects]. For inquiries about sponsoring the podcast, email podcast@pragmaticengineer.com. Get full access to The Pragmatic Engineer at newsletter.pragmaticengineer.com/subscribe [https://newsletter.pragmaticengineer.com/subscribe?utm_medium=podcast&utm_campaign=CTA_4]