Build Like a Roman

The Roman Mosaicist: Marble Pixels

Roman Mosaicist created structural art using 'pixels' of marble. Some were functional and plain, some with standard geometric patterns while others were no less than works of art. Photos of this episode: https://www.instagram.com/p/DYkf7mLF0qd/ ☕ Buy Me a Coffee - https://ko-fi.com/buildlikearoman GLOSSARY Aedificium Latin term for a building or structure. Relevant because Roman mosaics were not simply decoration but integrated architectural elements. Bedding Layer The mortar layer into which tesserae were pressed during installation. Roman mosaicists needed to judge moisture content carefully to achieve proper adhesion and alignment. Cubiculum A Roman bedroom or private chamber in a house or villa. Some contained geometric mosaics. Domus An elite Roman urban house, often decorated with wall paintings and mosaic floors. Emblema (plural: emblemata) A detailed central mosaic panel, often pictorial and sometimes made separately in a workshop before installation on site. These often depicted mythology, theatre scenes, animals, or marine life. Lime Mortar Mortar made with lime and aggregates such as sand or crushed ceramics. Used in the layered construction beneath mosaics. Musivarius A Roman mosaic specialist, although the term more often appears in Late Roman and Byzantine sources and may sometimes refer to wall and vault mosaics as well as floors. Opus Musivum A Latin term associated with mosaic work, especially decorative mosaic surfaces. Opus Signinum A waterproof floor material made from crushed ceramic (usually tile) mixed with lime mortar. Often used as a subfloor beneath mosaics or as a finished floor in less wealthy buildings. Opus Tessellatum The most common Roman mosaic technique, using relatively standard-sized tesserae to create images or patterns. Opus Vermiculatum A highly detailed mosaic technique using very small tesserae, especially for central pictorial panels (emblemata). The name refers to the worm-like flowing lines created around figures. Patron / Client Relationship Roman building and decorative work often operated through patronage. Wealthy property owners commissioned artisan teams for decorative programmes. Pavimentum Latin for a paved floor. Could refer to stone paving, mortar floors, or mosaic surfaces. Pozzolana Volcanic ash that could create hydraulic mortar when mixed with lime. More common in Italy than Britain, but important in Roman mortar technology generally.  Roman Villa A rural elite residence. Villas in Britain frequently contained mosaics, especially dining rooms (triclinia) and bath suites. Statumen The lowest structural layer beneath a Roman floor, typically compacted stone. Rudus A compacted layer of coarse mortar and rubble placed above the statumen. Nucleus A finer mortar layer placed beneath the visible mosaic surface, providing an even bed for tesserae. Tessella / Tesserae Small pieces of stone, ceramic, glass, or marble used to create mosaics. Although often called “mosaic tiles” today, they are not tiles in the modern sense. Tessellarius A mosaic worker or installer, often associated specifically with floor mosaics. Triclinium A Roman dining room. Wealthy triclinia frequently had elaborate mosaics intended to impress guests. Workshop (Officina) An artisan working group. Mosaic workshops likely included designers, stone cutters, apprentices, mortar labourers, and senior installers. Sources: Adam Rogers (2015). The Archaeology of Roman Britain: Biography and Identity. London: Routledge.   David S. Neal (1981). Roman Mosaics in Britain. London: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies. David S. Neal and Stephen R. Cosh (2002–2010). Roman Mosaics of Britain. 4 vols. London: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies. Roger Ling (1998). Ancient Mosaics. London: British Museum Press. Buy me a Coffee [https://ko-fi.com/buildlikearoman] Bluesky [https://bsky.app/profile/buildlikearoman.bsky.social] Instagram [https://www.instagram.com/build_like_a_roman/] Follow: Acast [https://shows.acast.com/68ad5c37b1a334874a744a69/697df5c622b46a261ab8950d] Apple [https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/build-like-a-roman/id1873634566] Patreon [https://www.patreon.com/cw/BuildLikeARoman] Spotify [https://open.spotify.com/show/3keRSIipuoxRkagDXSMkmp] Music Happy harp 6109353 ---------------------------------------- Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy [https://acast.com/privacy] for more information.

The Roman Blacksmith: Making Metal

Roman Blacksmiths, Faber Ferrarius were at the heart of Roman construction. Without them, life would have been so much more difficult, not only for the masons, carpenters, plasterers an so on, but basically for everyone. This episode looks at how they worked.   GLOSSARY Anvil A heavy iron block used as a working surface for shaping hot metal with hammers Bellows A leather-and-wood device used to force air into a fire, increasing temperature. Essential for ironworking and smelting. Bloom A porous lump of iron produced in a bloomery furnace. It contained iron mixed with slag and impurities and required further hammering and refining before use. Bloomery Process The main ancient method of producing iron. Iron ore and charcoal were heated together in a furnace with forced air from bellows to chemically reduce the ore into metallic iron. Carburisation A process where iron is heated in a carbon-rich environment, allowing carbon to diffuse into the surface and create steel-like properties. Charcoal Wood heated in low oxygen conditions to produce a cleaner, hotter-burning fuel than ordinary wood. Widely used in ancient metalworking. Coke A carbon-rich fuel derived from coal. Common in later historical blacksmithing, though not normally associated with the Roman period. Collegia Roman professional associations or organised groups connected with trades, religion, burial arrangements, and civic identity. Cramp / Clamp An iron fixing used to connect masonry blocks together. Often sealed in lead to reduce corrosion and movement. Crucible Steel High-carbon steel produced in sealed ceramic crucibles. Ancient Indian crucible steel later became associated with “wootz” and Damascus steel. Damascus Steel A later Middle Eastern steel famous for patterned blades, often produced using imported crucible steel ingots from India or Central Asia. Diodorus Siculus A 1st-century BC Greek historian who described iron production on the island of Elba. Fabricae Large Roman military workshops used for manufacturing and repairing weapons, tools, armour, and equipment. Faber Ferrarius Latin term meaning “iron worker” or blacksmith. Ferrum Latin word for iron. Freedman A formerly enslaved person who had legally obtained freedom. Gaul The Roman name for the region broadly corresponding to modern France and surrounding areas. Hammerman A worker whose main role involved striking and shaping hot metal with hammers during forging operations. Hematite (Fe₂O₃) A common iron ore consisting mainly of iron oxide. Julius Pollux A 2nd-century AD Greek scholar who compiled the Onomasticon, a technical vocabulary of crafts, tools and professions. Limonite / Meadow Ore A low-grade iron ore formed in bogs and wetlands Magnetite (Fe₃O₄) A naturally magnetic iron ore Martensite A very hard crystalline structure formed in steel during rapid cooling or quenching. Metallurgy The extraction, refinement and working of metals. Ore Naturally occurring rock containing useful metal compounds. Quenching Rapid cooling of hot metal, usually in water or oil, to alter hardness and strength. Reduction A chemical process in which oxygen is removed from metal ore during smelting, leaving metallic iron behind. Seric Iron A term used in classical sources for highly valued eastern iron or steel imports. Some scholars associate it with early Indian crucible steel. Slag Waste material and impurities separated from metal during smelting and forging. Swage A shaped metalworking tool used to form or finish metal during forging. Wootz Steel A type of ancient Indian crucible steel known for high carbon content and excellent cutting performance. Often associated with later Damascus steel. Wrought Iron Low-carbon iron worked by hammering and forging. Tougher and softer than steel. PRIMARY SOURCES The Digest of Justinian Natural History - Pliny the Elder Vitruvius. Ten Books on Architecture Adam Rogers (2015). The Archaeology of Roman Britain: Biography and Identity. London: Routledge. Buy me a Coffee [https://ko-fi.com/buildlikearoman] Bluesky [https://bsky.app/profile/buildlikearoman.bsky.social] Instagram [https://www.instagram.com/build_like_a_roman/] Follow: Acast [https://shows.acast.com/68ad5c37b1a334874a744a69/697df5c622b46a261ab8950d] Apple [https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/build-like-a-roman/id1873634566] Patreon [https://www.patreon.com/cw/BuildLikeARoman] Spotify [https://open.spotify.com/show/3keRSIipuoxRkagDXSMkmp] Music Happy harp 6109353 ---------------------------------------- Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy [https://acast.com/privacy] for more information.

Not an Episode, An End of Series Update

Series one has finished. What's coming up in series 2? Here is a brief description of what's coming up in series two (and three) as well as a little about the first series. Thank you for your support in producing this podcast! Patreon https://www.patreon.com/cw/BuildLikeARoman [https://www.patreon.com/cw/BuildLikeARoman] ☕ Buy Me a Coffee - https://ko-fi.com/buildlikearoman [https://ko-fi.com/buildlikearoman] Buy me a Coffee [https://ko-fi.com/buildlikearoman] Bluesky [https://bsky.app/profile/buildlikearoman.bsky.social] Instagram [https://www.instagram.com/build_like_a_roman/] Follow: Acast [https://shows.acast.com/68ad5c37b1a334874a744a69/697df5c622b46a261ab8950d] Apple [https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/build-like-a-roman/id1873634566] Patreon [https://www.patreon.com/cw/BuildLikeARoman] Spotify [https://open.spotify.com/show/3keRSIipuoxRkagDXSMkmp] Music Happy harp 6109353 ---------------------------------------- Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy [https://acast.com/privacy] for more information.

Introducing the Build Like an Egyptian series from Build Like and Ancient

Introducing the first episode of "Build like an Egyptian" series from "Build Like an Ancient". Apple https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/build-like-an-ancient/id1887035779 [https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/build-like-an-ancient/id1887035779] Spotify https://open.spotify.com/show/312nAy9fvUvZaQbc2TWbFm?si=LF-PiVspT_mxLtZB9Bd-wA [https://open.spotify.com/show/312nAy9fvUvZaQbc2TWbFm?si=LF-PiVspT_mxLtZB9Bd-wA] The Egyptians - Mud Men and the First Monuments! To the surprise of many people, the ancient Egyptians built far more in sun dried mud-brick, than they ever id in monumental stone. See our photos on Instagram for this episode https://www.instagram.com/p/DW2YHHJiBpC [https://www.instagram.com/p/DW2YHHJiBpC] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_of_Djoser Technical Glossary: Egyptian Mudbrick & Plaster •Db.t: The Egyptian word for mudbrick. Often written with the brick determinative. Refers to the material itself, not just the shape. •Hib: Egyptian term for a refined clay plaster, often mixed with powdered limestone. Smoother and brighter than plain mud plaster. •Mastaba: Arabic for "bench." The modern term for the flat-topped, rectangular tombs of the Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom periods. •Battered wall: A wall that slopes inward as it rises. Increases stability and sheds water. •Nile alluvium: The clay-rich silt deposited by the annual Nile flood. The base material for mudbrick. •Temper: Material (sand, straw, chaff) added to clay to reduce shrinkage and improve drying. •Gypsum plaster: A plaster made from calcined gypsum (calcium sulphate). The dominant finishing plaster in Pharaonic Egypt due to low firing temperature and suitability in dry climates. •Lime plaster: Plaster made from calcined limestone (calcium oxide). Requires higher firing temperatures (700-900°C). Rare before the Ptolemaic period. •Stratigraphy: In plaster analysis, the sequence of layers. Egyptian plasters show deliberate layering: coarse mud base, fine clay levelling, gypsum finish. •Silt (The Bulk): This is the "Goldilocks" particle size—smaller than sand but larger than clay. It provides the volume. •Clay (The Binder): Pure Nile silt actually contains about 30% to 50% clay. This is the "glue." Without the clay content, the bricks would just crumble into dust once they dried. •Organic Matter: The Nile "mud" was rich in decomposed plant matter, which acted as a natural plasticiser, making the mix easier to mould. It also helped (marginally) with tensile strength Buy me a Coffee [https://ko-fi.com/buildlikearoman] Bluesky [https://bsky.app/profile/buildlikearoman.bsky.social] Instagram [https://www.instagram.com/build_like_a_roman/] Follow: Acast [https://shows.acast.com/68ad5c37b1a334874a744a69/697df5c622b46a261ab8950d] Apple [https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/build-like-a-roman/id1873634566] Patreon [https://www.patreon.com/cw/BuildLikeARoman] Spotify [https://open.spotify.com/show/3keRSIipuoxRkagDXSMkmp] Music Happy harp 6109353 ---------------------------------------- Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy [https://acast.com/privacy] for more information.

Roman Frescoes: Not Just a Pretty Face

So what is a Fresco? There were several types, most of which, most people haven't heard of. Would you be surprised that many of the Roman frescos that we "Ohh" and "Ahhh" over today, were considered ridiculous and tacky, but some Roman authorities of the time? Listen to this episode and learn something new about Roman Frescoes. Photos of this episode: https://www.instagram.com/p/DXIBSuVl-4T/ ☕ Buy Me a Coffee - https://ko-fi.com/buildlikearoman Glossary for this episode A secco Painting carried out on dry plaster, using a binder such as glue, egg, or wax to help the pigment adhere. It allows finer detail than true fresco, but is less durable. Albararii Roman plasterers who applied and polished the fine white finishing coats on walls and ceilings. Buon fresco “True fresco.” Pigment mixed with water is applied to fresh lime plaster while it is still damp and setting, so the colour bonds into the wall surface itself. Calcite A mineral form of calcium carbonate. Fresco A general term often used loosely for wall painting Fresco secco Literally “dry fresco.” Another way of saying painting done on dry plaster rather than into a fresh lime surface. Hybrid fresco-secco workflow The combination of a durable fresco base with additional details painted later in secco. This seems to have been common in Roman wall painting. Insulae Roman apartment blocks Lime The key binding material in Roman plaster and mortar. It was central to both construction and decoration. Lime wash A thin coating of lime, often tinted, used to brighten or colour a wall. It could be simple, economical, and very common. Marble aggregate Small crushed marble fragments used in fine Roman plasters to improve finish, density, and sheen. Mezzo fresco A term used for painting onto plaster that is no longer freshly wet but still damp enough to take pigment. Mosaic A floor or wall surface made from small pieces of stone, glass, or ceramic. In Roman interiors, mosaics often worked visually with painted walls. Pictor imaginarius A specialist painter, especially one responsible for more refined or figurative wall painting. Pigment The colouring material used in paint. Roman pigments could be cheap local earths or imported luxury substances. Plaster A coating of lime mixed with sand, marble dust, or other aggregates, applied in layers to walls and ceilings. In Roman interiors it formed the decorative skin of the building. Pozzolana Volcanic ash used in Roman mortars and concrete. More associated with structural work than fine painted plaster, but part of the broader Roman lime technology. Sandiarii Workers involved in transporting or handling sand and other raw materials used in plaster and mortar preparation. Sinopia A red ochre underdrawing or marking-out method. The term is often associated with later painting practice, though marking-out techniques in general were also used by the Romans. String line A line snapped or pressed onto a plaster surface to guide straight borders, panels, or architectural designs. Stucco In the Roman ContextFine decorative plaster Trompe l’oeil A painting technique designed to “fool the eye” by creating the illusion of depth, architecture, or open space on a flat surface. Vitruvius Roman architect and author Whitewash / whitewashing A simple lime-based coating used to whiten and brighten walls. In Roman interiors this could be a finished surface in its own right or a base for further decoration. Sources: * Vitruvius, De Architectura (Book VII) * Pliny the Elder, Natural History (Book XXXV) * August Mau, Pompeii: Its Life and Art (1899) * Roger Ling, Roman Painting (1991) * Donatella Mazzoleni & Umberto Pappalardo, Domus: Wall Painting in the Roman House Buy me a Coffee [https://ko-fi.com/buildlikearoman] Bluesky [https://bsky.app/profile/buildlikearoman.bsky.social] Instagram [https://www.instagram.com/build_like_a_roman/] Follow: Acast [https://shows.acast.com/68ad5c37b1a334874a744a69/697df5c622b46a261ab8950d] Apple [https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/build-like-a-roman/id1873634566] Patreon [https://www.patreon.com/cw/BuildLikeARoman] Spotify [https://open.spotify.com/show/3keRSIipuoxRkagDXSMkmp] Music Happy harp 6109353 ---------------------------------------- Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy [https://acast.com/privacy] for more information.