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Central Florida Public Media's ongoing in-depth series looking at issues vital to communities across our region. Subscribe to get each new episode. Season 1: Immigration Divide, Season 2: Rising Water

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Portada del episodio Orlando grows, public buses lag, officials call for transit-oriented developments

Orlando grows, public buses lag, officials call for transit-oriented developments

[https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/3fd8f18/2147483647/strip/false/crop/4077x2297+0+0/resize/792x446!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F95%2Fae%2F1fe3fb494ae285975ef05d74fb8a%2Fpexels-alteredsnaps-11994134.jpg](Pexels) Mya Colón regularly uses the bus for her commute to work. She’s been doing so, she said, since high school. The 26-year-old sets her alarm to go off at 4 a.m., three and a half hours before her shift at a prosthetics and orthotics clinic in South Orlando. It’s about a 25-mile journey that starts with a mile-plus-walk in the dark, from her Poinciana home in Osceola County to the nearest LYNX stop. She catches two buses and then embarks on a walk much shorter than the one from her home to clock in at 7:30 a.m. Her mornings are the easiest, Colón said. It’s the trip back in the afternoons during rush hour that can be longest. If all goes well, it's a three-hour commute. "I get home — honestly, depending on the day, and if I miss a bus or something— at like, 7:30, 8 (p.m.). And I get off at 4:30," Colón said. THE PROS AND CONS OF BUS TRAVEL Poinciana resident Mya Colón waits for her LYNX bus home at an uncovered bench stop near Orange Blossom Trail in southwest Orlando. [https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/3d325f3/2147483647/strip/false/crop/1081x774+0+0/resize/737x528!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F74%2Fe3%2F7017cc6a4e14a1f9977ef0f8df98%2Fsitting-back.png]Poinciana resident Mya Colón waits for her LYNX bus home at an uncovered bench stop near Orange Blossom Trail in southwest Orlando. (Lillian Hernández Caraballo) That's Colón's best-case scenario. She said sometimes buses are late or just don’t show up, leaving riders to walk or wait longer. Late buses or ones that don’t come make not only time management difficult but also lead to missed appointments. Colón said improvements have been made to the LYNX system, but she’d like to see them step it up more. MetroPlan Orlando [https://metroplanorlando.gov/] is a federally-necessary organization behind the planning of a regional transportation system [https://metroplanorlando.gov/plans/metropolitan-transportation-plan/] touching Orange, Osceola, and Seminole counties. In its 2024 Regional Transportation Survey Report [https://metroplanorlando.gov/community-outreach/public-opinion-research/], Metroplan found that about a quarter of all respondents reported missing at least one doctor appointment last year due to lack of reliable transportation, not just public. Colón also said some bus stops lack covers, leaving riders exposed to harsh weather. She worries most about the people who most rely on public transit — people experience poverty or homelessness, people with disabilities, older adults, and low-wage workers [https://lctr.eng.fiu.edu/project/transportation-mobility-of-low-income-workers-where-when-and-how/]. Mya Colón, after switching to her second bus. [https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/dd2fc25/2147483647/strip/false/crop/514x916+0+0/resize/296x528!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F31%2F53%2F52f24d164f0db16252b88a28f9d0%2Fmya-bus5.JPG]Mya Colón, after switching to her second bus. (Lillian Hernández Caraballo) "It’s frustrating. I don't think it's so much being mad that I don’t have a car, it’s just frustrating that you’re not in control," Colón said. The same MetroPlan survey reported that a quarter of respondents are not satisfied with transportation, while 75% think it serves well or at least somewhat for some people. About 48% of the LYNX clients who took the survey said, like Colón did, that timeliness and scheduling are issues with the region’s public buses. However, when Colón was asked if she’d prefer to own a car and have the freedom to drive herself, she said “not really.” She knows the statistics of road travel in the Orlando region [https://metroplanorlando.gov/category/safety/], including a high incidence of car crashes [https://www.flhsmv.gov/traffic-crash-reports/crash-dashboard/], and said she feels safer on the bus. Plus, she said, it gives her time to herself and she saves a lot of money. "I think about the money that I’m saving. Right now, I’m paying two dollars to get home. If I had a car, I’d have to pay insurance and gas, and what if I get into an accident? Or what about when it breaks down?" Colón said. Instead of a car, Colón said she wishes buses could run every 15 minutes, instead of having to wait a half hour. CENTRAL FLORIDA IS BUILT FOR CARS Eric Grimmer is the Orlando representative for the group YIMBY, which stands for “Yes, In My Backyard.” It advocates for housing and public transportation, as well as safer, cleaner roads for bikers and pedestrians. He said decades of unplanned development have turned Central Florida into a car-dependent region, with congested and dangerous roads. "We have based our development patterns on low-density, suburban sprawl – it does make it challenging for public transit to be effective. Everything is spread out – it makes it difficult to get around without a car. Everyone having to drive causes more cars on the road, more traffic congestion, environmental issues," Grimmer said. Grimmer is also chair of Orange County's brand-new citizen-led board, Transportation Mobility Advisory Commission [https://www.occompt.com/417/Transportation-Mobility-Advisory-Commiss], created to assess the county's transit needs, priorities and funding. MetroPlan Orlando's Vision 2030 aims for zero traffic-related deaths by 2050. [https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/3119122/2147483647/strip/false/crop/516x921+0+0/resize/296x528!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F93%2F37%2F33872a3b492db29615755abe02d8%2Forlandoarea.JPG]MetroPlan Orlando's Vision 2030 aims for zero traffic-related deaths by 2050. (Lillian Hernandez-Caraballo) Like most other public transit in the U.S., LYNX is funded through a combination of mainly fuel sales taxes [https://metroplanorlando.gov/programs-resources/funding/#:~:text=Transportation%20plans%20require%20big%20budgets,tax%2C%20and%204)%20tolls.], as well as local, state, and federal dollars. Grimmer said the number one problem with Orlando Metro’s public transit is a lack of funding. “We are one of the few major metropolitan areas in the United States that does not have a dedicated revenue source for transportation,” Grimmer said. Recent data from the U.S. Census Bureau [https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2025/population-estimates-counties-metro-micro.html] said the Orlando area is once again the fastest-growing large metro in the country, swelling by 2.7%, beating both the Florida state and national averages, and bringing in almost 76,000 new residents last year. In addition, the Orlando Metro is the 20th most populous region in the country [https://news.orlando.org/blog/orlando-population-growth-highest-in-nation/], still averaging about 1,500 new people each week. However, the area’s infrastructure – public transit and roads have not kept up. MetroPlan Orlando reported that five people are killed and 35 others seriously injured every week due to transportation-related incidents in Orange, Osceola, and Seminole counties. The organization's short term, federally-mandated Transportation Improvement Program [https://metroplanorlando.gov/plans/transportation-improvement-program/] is updated annually, using public feedback every five years, to create a new plan. It aims to improve safety, pavement and bridge conditions, transit performance, traffic flow and congestion, road planning, and even air quality. In addition, the board’s separately-funded Vision Zero [https://metroplanorlando.gov/safety/vision-zero-central-florida/] safety initiative aims to bring all traffic-related deaths to zero by 2050. MetroPlan Orlando’s current 20-year-vision master plan [https://metroplanorlando.gov/plans/metropolitan-transportation-plan/], will soon be updated, as it is every five years. The organization is now developing its 2050 Metropolitan Transportation Plan [https://metroplanorlando.gov/wp-content/uploads/Transit-Vision-Master-Plan_February_final.pdf] and still collecting public feedback [https://metroplanorlando.gov/plans/2050-metropolitan-transportation-plan/] to help shape it. These plans include modes for which people like Grimmer are advocating, including safer, bikeable and walkable [https://www.theinvadingsea.com/2024/04/08/orlando-walkable-transit-climate-change-transportation-sales-tax-orange-code-sunrise-movement/] areas, as well as microtransit [https://www.metro-magazine.com/10189330/in-this-suburb-microtransit-is-the-key-to-expanding-opportunities-for-residents], electric bikes and other modes of transportation for short distances. "Studies show us, when you make a road safer for people biking and walking, you make that road safer for everybody," he said. "There are people in this community who are trying to get us there, who are actively trying to make it safer for every one of those roadways. I'm proud to be one of those people." [https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/46e13ff/2147483647/strip/false/crop/1026x612+0+0/resize/792x472!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fcd%2F9a%2F562b6cbf464397ffa8a5c13fcdb1%2Fbudget.JPG](Lillian Hernandez-Caraballo) THE PUSH FOR TRANSIT-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENTS Like in previous years, these plans will require billions of dollars in federal dollars, not counting the present need to fund public transit, in this case the LYNX bus system. LYNX total ridership for last year [https://www.golynx.com/file/143255/LYNX-ACFR_2025-03-24.pdf] is down nearly 28% from where it was in 2019 [https://www.golynx.com/core/fileparse.php/143255/urlt/Ridership-year-end-review_2023.pdf], before the COVID pandemic hit. The public bus system covers 2,500 square miles [https://www.golynx.com/corporate-info/how-lynx-funded.stml] — from Volusia to Polk counties, including service to Orange, Osceola, Seminole and Lake — with just over 400 vehicles. The three largest counties in the metro make up the biggest sources of funding [https://www.golynx.com/corporate-info/how-lynx-funded.stml] for LYNX. Seminole County officials in April said they https://seminolecountyfl.legistar.com/View.ashx?M=F&ID=13538687&GUID=D2E4D13D-57EB-4293-B93B-F99151725F4Ewill be moving away from LYNX [https://www.cfpublic.org/podcast/engage/2025-05-01/legislative-session-gridlock-seminole-county-plans-to-transform-transit-vietnamese-americans-reflect-50-years-after-the-fall-of-saigon] in favor of a rideshare system citing the number of people using the buses as the reason for the change. On the busiest routes, Seminole leaders said they will continue with the buses, but if they cut services, LYNX will lose more riders. Commissioner Amy Lockhart said the county is aware of the potential loss for LYNX, but the move comes from an angle that puts riders first, saving them “invaluable time.” She said this will help the most vulnerable and transit-reliant, especially people experiencing homelessness or poverty and parents who need the bus to buy groceries or pick up their children from school. "We're changing from being a route-focused mode of transportation to rider-focused. Rather than telling people where the routes will go and that they have to make it to a stop, we will come to them, and they will not be exposed to the elements," Lockhart said. "So, they will not be confined to a route. It's going to be rider-specific and, on top of that, we think this might save us some money along the way." [https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/dcc8144/2147483647/strip/false/crop/898x702+0+0/resize/675x528!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fa7%2F0f%2F7f25c3ef42dfad3b3cf07a677f26%2Ffy2024-2023-lynx-graph.JPG](Lillian Hernandez-Caraballo) LYNX does offer alternatives, including their NeighborLink program [https://www.golynx.com/plan-trip/riding-lynx/neighborlink.stml], which serves areas that lack fixed routes providing on-demand paratransit options for Orange, Seminole, and Osceola counties. In November last year, the company rolled out a new app, so riders can manage their NeighborLink rides from their devices. In 2022, Orange County tried passing [https://www.orangecountyfl.net/TrafficTransportation/TransportationInitiative/FastFacts.aspx] a penny tax to fund public transit, but residents voted it down. The following year, the county began the Accelerated Transportation Safety Program [https://newsroom.ocfl.net/media-advisories/press-releases/2025/03/orange-county-transportation-mobility-advisory-commission-announces-fourth-meeting/], providing $100 million for transportation over the next five years. The county reported [https://www.orangecountyfl.net/TrafficTransportation/TransportationInitiative.aspx#:~:text=This%20transportation%20sales%20tax%20differed,needs%20with%20currently%20available%20resources.] that the one-cent tax proposal was projected to bring in $600 million every year for 20 years. Yet, according to the results of MetroPlan Orlando’s 2024 survey, a majority of people —62% — agree on increasing fees and taxes to improve public transit and traffic conditions. Bob O’Malley, senior vice-president of government affairs for the Orlando Economic Partnership or OEP, said the means to expand public buses are just not there. "We’re not trying to run LYNX buses everywhere because we can’t afford to, as a community," he said. OEP focuses on economic development and prosperity for the region.OEP’s goals are laid out in its 2045 Regional Vision [https://orlando.org/l/vision2045/], which correlates with Orange County's own Vision 2050 [https://www.orangecountyfl.net/PlanningDevelopment/ComprehensivePlanning/Vision2050.aspx] plan. O'Malley said the goals for public transit must go hand-in-hand with the goals for more housing, affordable housing, and safer, faster, more efficient and cleaner transportation and roads. He said it's all connected. [https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/83eeda6/2147483647/strip/false/crop/816x568+0+0/resize/759x528!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F46%2Ff8%2F9a37110e48c38e117f2408746f24%2Ftransit-value.JPG](A look at the potential changes in revenue for the Orlando Metro when future planning is done with TODs and without TODs.) “Affordability isn’t just transit, isn't just housing. You can’t look at affordability in silos," O'Malley said. "You need a job, you need housing, but you need a way to get from the housing to the job, and a place to go home to after work. So, it’s a three legged stool: housing, employment, and transportation." O'Malley sees the successes and shortcomings of the region as opportunities. Multiple surveys from MetroPlan and OEP to plan for a future vision of Orlando Metro have yielded data leading to a push for transit-oriented developments [https://metroplanorlando.gov/wp-content/uploads/SunRail-TOD-Report-FINAL-11-18.pdf], or TODs. “It’s about helping dense development occur around transit systems. We can’t run transit everywhere because we can’t afford it. It's about encouraging dev around the transit investments, so the development follows the transit, not vice versa," O'Malley said. These types of developments would aim to urbanize the Orlando Metro region into a truly high-density, mixed-use, multi-family area with walkable streets, commerce options, and a variety of transit modalities. “We can become a top Innovation Hub. We can become the number one place in America to live. We can become a region of 15-minute cities,” O'Malley said. A15-minute-city is one where – regardless of the mobility mode used – ideally, the diversity and ubiquity of public transit options make it so that no one takes longer than 15 minutes getting from Point A to Point B. TODs are not new to Central Florida. Creative Village, in Downtown Orlando, which is nearing completion, and Weston 4 Hundred, in Kissimmee, are just two examples. There are dozens of others; most of them located near the SunRail trail. Projection of what Central Florida could experience without significant infrastructure investments. [https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/edd6aa8/2147483647/strip/false/crop/883x631+0+0/resize/739x528!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F5c%2F4d%2F906248eb4ee2ab998fa0633c570e%2Fpop-transit-cost-up2.JPG]Projection of what Central Florida could experience without significant infrastructure investments. (Lillian Hernández Caraballo) AFFORDABLE HOUSING AS TOD — IT'S POSSIBLE One builder leading the way in TODs and affordable housing is Wendover Housing Partners, the company that developed Weston 4 Hundred. Chief Operating Officer Ryan von Weller said developing affordable housing as TODs is part of Wendover’s mission, but it’s becoming harder to do. More roads and transit investments tend to lead to a rise in property values. “Land throughout Central Florida has become more expensive, and buildable land that doesn't have some kind of challenge to it has become very difficult to find. Those are effectively all gone," he said. In fact, the only reason, von Weller said, that Wendover was able to get behind its latest affordable housing TOD project is because the land owner, Universal Destinations and Experiences, which owns Universal Studios, actually donated the 20 acres with a 99-year lease. This saved Wendover upwards of $35 million, making their most recent project, Catchlight Crossings [https://corporate.universaldestinationsandexperiences.com/catchlight-crossings-sets-new-standard-for-affordable-housing-communities/], a feasible endeavor. Wendover also had the help of Orange County officials and several other public and private partners to make Catchlight work. Von Weller said this is the sort of support that will be needed if the area wants to see more affordable TODs, and everyone needs to be on board. “We need to have more major employers donating property. We need elected officials to take an interest in what has to happen. We can't build a unit and then charge affordable rents without the state agency, the federal government or the locals participating in some form or fashion," he said. An aerial view of the Catchlight Crossings affordable TOD project by Wendover and Universal Destinations and Experiences. [https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/0c9eaf4/2147483647/strip/false/crop/5120x2890+0+0/resize/792x447!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fa8%2F9d%2F7779498b4d65a089c75702b43a4f%2Faerial-view-1.jpg]An aerial view of the Catchlight Crossings affordable TOD project by Wendover and Universal Destinations and Experiences. (Photo courtesy of Wendover) Catchlight is slated to bring 1,000 new affordable and workforce housing units near International Drive and the Orange County Convention Center by 2026. Dubbed a “first-of-its-kind” project, with its own UCF building, medical clinic, preschool and retails stores, its infrastructure will provide access to the nearby LYNX/SunRail station, as the complex will be located across from where SunRail’s new Sunshine Corridor connection is planned to be. “There will also be a transit plaza right in front that will have transport for employees, rideshare, and a variety of opportunities for people to catch other modes of transit other than their personal vehicle," von Weller said. WHAT COULD POSSIBLY GO WRONG? However, financial barriers and land acquisition are not the only challenges when it comes to TODs. Developers and local officials will also need public support from existing residents to approve large densities of people. Other issues include ensuring existing infrastructure keeps up and anticipating upgrades, so denser populations don’t strain the area’s framework. As well as knowing that, eventually, the land surrounding transit will run out. At this point, to address both concerns, von Weller said he expects areas will see more repurposed building projects, when old, unused spaces are redesigned and turned into adaptive reuse homes [https://www.cfpublic.org/housing-homelessness/2024-05-27/osceola-county-leads-in-adaptive-reuse-nationwide]. At around 7 p.m., Mya Colón's second and last LYNX bus drops her off about 30 minutes, or a mile, away from her Poinciana home in Osceola County. When she unlocks her door to get home, the total time of her commute will be three full hours. [https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/3e01193/2147483647/strip/false/crop/478x359+0+0/resize/478x359!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fb7%2F28%2Fada7d1d247ab92a1bdc23f34568a%2Flynx.JPG]At around 7 p.m., Mya Colón's second and last LYNX bus drops her off about 30 minutes, or a mile, away from her Poinciana home in Osceola County. When she unlocks her door to get home, the total time of her commute will be three full hours. (Lillian Hernández Caraballo) Studies also show TODs have the potential of pricing out long-time residents [https://reason.org/commentary/transit-oriented-development-leads/#:~:text=Apparently%2C%20the%20concern%20is%20that,income%20families%20away%20from%20transit.]. Growth and investments in transit and housing lead to more expensive neighborhoods, taxes and lifestyles, potentially leading to gentrification, especially in urban areas and underserved, marginalized neighborhoods. In 2013, Parramore residents took to the streets and mobilized against Creative Village, fearing such results [https://reason.org/commentary/transit-oriented-development-leads/#:~:text=Apparently%2C%20the%20concern%20is%20that,income%20families%20away%20from%20transit]. Several reports have researched the benefits and challenges [https://iri.hks.harvard.edu/files/iri/files/fostering-equitable-and-sustainable-transit-oriented-development.pdf] of TODs, as well as areas that need more study [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0965856419304033#:~:text=Two%20essential%20directions%20are%20pursued,citations%20they%20received%20so%20far]. O'Malley said that, when done well, TODs can help lift communities via higher wage jobs and equitable, planned growth. Orlando's, OEP's, and MPO's vision all have noted they have kept the needs of these historic communities in mind [https://www.cfpublic.org/2019-10-29/affordable-housing-community-opens-in-parramore-bringing-supportive-services-for-at-risk-residents] when planning for the future to avoid leaving them out. Hundreds of studies and research show that while TODs have been the answer for progress [https://www.fdot.gov/docs/default-source/transit/pages/economicsandcommunitybenefits.pdf]. Back with Mya Colón, just after 7 p.m., her second and last LYNX bus dropped her off in Poinciana with her last stretch ahead — a 30-minute walk home in the same shoes she's been wearing for at least 14 hours. Instead of being eager to get home, Colón is enjoying herself. She pointed out the birds flocking, the crisp spring air, and the "kiss" of the sun, as it sets during the golden hour. "I soak it all in," she said. At a mid-point park, where she stopped a while, she took in all the activity — bikers, skaters, picnics, children playing, music blaring. She said she feels connected to her community and that she doesn't think she would without public transit. Getting a car it's nowhere on her to-do list. "Honestly, I probably could have gotten a car by now, but I’m glad I haven’t. I would have missed out on these kids being here, this breeze. I'm grateful," she said. "It's humbling, that's what it is. It's very humbling." Colón continues her walk as the dusk makes it almost completely dark out. A walk that could, one day, become a 15-minute walk, instead of the 30 it is now, if 15-minute cities really are the future of Central Florida. Every work day, Mya Colón must walk as part of her commute. Her 30-minute, mile-and-some walk home is often "graced" by the day's golden hour, as she said. [https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/b2fddfd/2147483647/strip/false/crop/4000x2255+0+0/resize/792x446!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fdc%2F6a%2F2c7ab49f40f8aab46c7abd2360e8%2F20250417-192908.jpg]Every work day, Mya Colón must walk as part of her commute. Her 30-minute, mile-and-some walk home is often "graced" by the day's golden hour, as she said. (Lillian Hernández Caraballo) Lillian Hernández Caraballo is a Report for America corps member.

5 de may de 2025 - 7 min
Portada del episodio Central Florida's SunRail at a junction: Are its benefits worth the cost of expansion?

Central Florida's SunRail at a junction: Are its benefits worth the cost of expansion?

SunRail now operates on weekdays over 61 miles of track, with 17 stations, from DeLand to Poinciana. [https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/fbbfda5/2147483647/strip/false/crop/1464x828+0+0/resize/792x448!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fcb%2F0d%2F03189b744086a5021668f3bee3bf%2Fsr-trainatstation.PNG] SunRail now operates on weekdays over 61 miles of track, with 17 stations, from DeLand to Poinciana.(Joe Byrnes / Central Florida Public Media) SunRail [https://sunrail.com/] began operation in May 2014. In August of last year, with the opening of a station in DeLand, the Florida Department of Transportation completed its full 61 miles, running north and south through Orlando. Now FDOT is in the process of handing ownership and funding responsibilities over to local governments. At the same time, they’re exploring a possible expansion called the Sunshine Corridor. For some, questions remain about whether that expansion is worth the cost. A COMMUTER'S PERSPECTIVE Paul Satchfield stood on the DeBary station platform shortly before sunrise on Monday in April. He was waiting to take the 6:30 train for an hour-and-20-minute ride to his job in Kissimmee. A few other passengers wandered in, some pushing bicycles, some chatting with fellow travelers and security guards. Paul Satchfield usually cracks open his laptop and prepares to work soon after boarding the SunRail train in DeBary. [https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/6d0e885/2147483647/strip/false/crop/5641x3520+0+0/resize/792x494!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F6f%2Fc6%2F694ded1946f8bdae5b67b808f168%2Fsr-paulontrain.JPG] Paul Satchfield usually cracks open his laptop and prepares to work soon after boarding the SunRail train in DeBary.(Joe Byrnes / Central Florida Public Media) "This is just such a less stressful way to get to work, more than anything," Satchfield said. "It takes you a little bit longer, but it’s worth it stress-wise, money-wise." His monthly SunRail pass -- at $140 -- saves him a lot of money. Satchfield estimated he'd spend nearly that much -- about $120 on gas and tolls -- in just one week if he drove instead. As the SunRail train nears downtown Orlando, passengers can see the traffic on Interstate 4. [https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/96e8c15/2147483647/strip/false/crop/5241x2972+0+0/resize/792x449!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fcd%2F65%2F37e7739d4d589619f6135413d8af%2Fnewsr-i4.JPG] As the SunRail train nears downtown Orlando, passengers can see the traffic on Interstate 4.(Joe Byrnes / Central Florida Public Media) He climbed aboard a double-decker train car -- one of two being pulled by the engine. At this point, the upper level with its tables on either side is mostly empty. "You grab a table, hook onto the Wi-Fi, which is usually pretty reliable on the train, and just start working," Satchfield said. "And it's pretty convenient." He often looks out at the traffic on Interstate 4, or as he calls it, "the Thunderdome." "And you see the cars stopped, and traffic stop and go, and you're just going right along, heading towards your destination," he said. "It's, you know, it's a relief." So what would Satchfield say if he could speak to those motorists stuck in traffic? "I'd say, 'If you can, get a job that’s close to a train station,'" he replied. And he chuckled. A COMPETITION FOR COMMUTERS Therein lies one of the challenges for SunRail. Because it’s built on an old CSX freight corridor, it doesn’t necessarily go where the people live or where they work. SunRail uses partnerships with LYNX and other transit services to address those connectivity issues as it competes for riders against Central Florida’s overcrowded highways. So far it’s not winning that competition. Ridership peaked in 2019, with nearly 1.6 million passenger trips, and then plummeted during the pandemic. It’s still low, but it’s increasing. The number of trips rose by 12% to 1.2 million last year. In March, SunRail recorded an average of 5,982 trips on the days it ran. Satchfield has seen it get better during his two years riding the train, he said. "Now, each little pod has got one if not two people in it. So the ridership is increasing." Ridership is light at the Meadow Woods station on a Monday morning. [https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/c9453ee/2147483647/strip/false/crop/828x913+0+0/resize/479x528!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F9f%2Fae%2F9195159e446eb8fb265797147b74%2Fsr-northsouth.PNG] Ridership is light at the Meadow Woods station on a Monday morning.(Joe Byrnes / Central Florida Public Media) University of Central Florida professor Chia-Yuan Yu said the low ridership is partly tied to structural limitations, like its limited hours of operation, the lack of weekend service and the placement of its stations. All those factors reduce its convenience and competitiveness compared to driving. Yu said potential riders weigh their options, looking at things like the cost and availability of parking and the ease of getting to and from the station. But he said SunRail does have a winning argument: Gridlock. "My understanding, from my research point of view, is we need SunRail badly," Yu said. "People will consider public transportation when they stop in the traffic for a long time." If there’s no congestion and they have a car, they’ll choose the door-to-door convenience of driving. Yu says that’s why investment in I-4's express lanes actually undercut commuter rail. "[W]e cannot make two options better at the same time," he said. "We enhance the quality of I-4 and we want to attract people to take the SunRail. It's very, very difficult." The more riders SunRail has, the more cost effective it is, as measured by the operating expense for every mile a passenger travels. In 2023, SunRail came in at $3.93 per passenger mile, according to its most recent agency profile [https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/transit_agency_profile_doc/2023/40232.pdf] with the Federal Transit Administration. That’s 236% higher than the national average for commuter rail [https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/2024-12/2023%20National%20Transit%20Summaries%20and%20Trends_1.2.pdf]. THOSE WHO RIDE IT, 'LOVE IT' Seminole County Commissioner Amy Lockhart rides the train and is a convert to SunRail. Beyond costly road construction, she said it’s another “tool in the toolbox” to serve the region’s growing population. "We're kind of adolescents still in this transportation game and we're growing up," he said. "And this is a part of that." Seminole County Commissioner Amy Lockhart chairs the Central Florida Commuter Rail Commission. [https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/16bcedf/2147483647/strip/false/crop/4763x3402+0+0/resize/739x528!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F08%2Fb6%2Fb8d683464e32879f8648325bbd82%2Famylockhart.JPG] Seminole County Commissioner Amy Lockhart chairs the Central Florida Commuter Rail Commission.(Joe Byrnes / Central Florida Public Media) She chairs the Central Florida Commuter Rail Commission, which represents Orlando and four counties: Orange, Osceola, Seminole and Volusia. CFCRC is taking over SunRail from FDOT and has begun a three-year transition period. Next fiscal year, taxpayers in those counties will contribute about $63.5 million dollars, more than half of SunRail’s overall budget of about $110 million. Passenger fares will cover 2% of the overall budget. "The feedback that I'm getting from people who use the train is that they love it and they want to use it more," Lockhart said. "Are there people out there who feel like it's a waste of money? Absolutely." So she wants more people to experience SunRail. Extending the hours and adding weekend service will help. Doing so would also come at a significant cost. "It's the chicken or the egg, right? Which comes first," Lockhart said. "[I]t's a lot easier to have people get excited about something when you first give them a taste of what it could be." But Lockhart said the biggest boost for ridership will come with the Sunshine Corridor. THE SUNSHINE CORRIDOR Over the next decade or so, it would extend new lines, connecting workers and tourists to the Orlando International Airport, Orange County Convention Center, International Drive and, possibly, the Disney Springs area. It would also get Brightline going on its connection to Tampa. An early estimate of the cost -- for a full build-out -- exceeds $4 billion. Orange County chief transportation advisory manager Renzo Nastasi told the County Commission last month that, generally speaking, the funding split for a project of this kind is 25% local, 25% state and 50% federal. He said construction would almost certainly happen in phases, starting with a connection from the current SunRail line to the airport. A map showing the proposed Sunshine Corridor. [https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/ae18fc2/2147483647/strip/false/crop/1054x631+0+0/resize/792x474!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fcf%2Faa%2F24fa240d402ead91e5bb6c5688b1%2Fsunshinecorridor.png] A map showing the proposed Sunshine Corridor.(FDOT / Transit Concept and Alternatives Review) A two-year, $6 million Project Development and Environment Study will give planners a better idea just how many billions of dollars it would take. Orange County Commissioner Mayra Uribe said only then can they talk about whether it's possible and whether it's worth it. "We're all looking at every kind of way that we can alleviate traffic congestion, what the future of transportation looks like," she said. "But what we don't talk about enough is that cost ... and who will be responsible for paying it." In 2022, Orange County voters rejected a one-cent sales tax for transportation, which could have helped fund the expansion. Ridership numbers are "very dismal," Uribe said. "I mean, we’re talking less than one tenth of one percent of our population actually uses SunRail." The Sunshine Corridor could dramatically change the ridership picture. An FDOT study [https://www.cflroads.com/project-files/954/Sunshine%20Corridor%20TCAR%20Final%20Report.pdf] projects the complete expansion would draw 9.4 million trips a year by 2040. Yu, UCF expert in urban regional planning, said it would connect high-traffic destinations. "And this linking," he added, "can significantly improve access and also reduce the traffic congestion and also support the regional job market." He said it makes good sense from a mobility and an economic standpoint. Central Floridians will have to decide if those benefits are worth the cost.

29 de abr de 2025 - 7 min
Portada del episodio When roads run short: the challenges of living in a car-centric Central Florida

When roads run short: the challenges of living in a car-centric Central Florida

Residents of a development sprawling along the Lake-Orange county line gather on March 22, 2025, to protest the lack of a promised roadway connection between the two counties. Some residents say they’ve been waiting on the connection for nearly 20 years [https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/cc303c7/2147483647/strip/false/crop/2000x1125+0+0/resize/792x446!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F7f%2F28%2Ffccf3a1a41989b7c272f54ca4cae%2F03222025-protest.jpg]Residents of a development sprawling along the Lake-Orange county line gather on March 22, 2025, to protest the lack of a promised roadway connection between the two counties. Some residents say they’ve been waiting on the connection for nearly 20 years(Molly Duerig, Central Florida Public Media) The cost of commuting by car isn’t just about dollars and cents. There’s also the cost of time: like time spent waiting in traffic, or trying to find ways to avoid it. For some 200 people protesting in the Serenoa Lakes neighborhood of Four Corners one Saturday in late March, time was top of mind. Their complaint? The absence of a promised roadway connection to Orange County, right next door. As of late April, Lake County is almost done building its portion of the road connection project, on Sawgrass Bay Boulevard. That should be finished by May, according to county officials. But construction on Orange County’s Flemings Road, to which Sawgrass Bay will ultimately connect, has yet to start. Meanwhile, some Lake County residents like Jim White claim they’ve spent more than 10 years waiting for the roadway connection. “They said it’d be a year in 2013,” said White, referencing the year he said he bought his home in Serenoa Lakes. “They lied to us.” It was the developers and home builders who lied, White said — never in writing. But other residents kept photos they took of signs advertising the would-be road in several of the development’s neighborhoods. In Serenoa Lakes, one sign promised a complete connection by January 2026. Even though that deadline is still some nine months away, residents are concerned it’s becoming increasingly out of reach — especially because Orange County still has yet to start construction on Flemings. A sign posted in Lake County’s Serenoa Lakes community promotes the connector road, claiming it will be complete by January 2026. Lake County is almost done building its part of the roadway connection, but Orange County has yet to start construction on its side. [https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/463cb3f/2147483647/strip/false/crop/960x1280+0+0/resize/396x528!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F10%2Fba%2F16b79fdf40c4b9b00f3b6d038fe5%2Fsign2-kyle-glanton.jpg]A sign posted in Lake County’s Serenoa Lakes community promotes the connector road, claiming it will be complete by January 2026. Lake County is almost done building its part of the roadway connection, but Orange County has yet to start construction on its side.(Courtesy Kyle Glanton) The two counties’ project timelines are out of sync, underscoring a challenge often facing the unincorporated Four Corners area where Lake, Orange, Osceola and Polk counties intersect. It is one of the fastest-growing areas in the state, Census data show. Yet Four Corners has no unified governance structure, a side effect of its complex jurisdictional landscape, according to a recent report from the East Central Florida Regional Planning Council [https://cms3.revize.com/revize/eastcentral/Documents/Programs/Community%20Planning/four_corners_data_analysis_report_FINAL_20250319.pdf]. Last year, the RPC received a state grant to partner with all four counties on developing a strategic plan to address future growth. That regional growth, and associated rising traffic demands, is what prompted Lake and Orange counties to sign an interlocal agreement to collaborate on necessary roadway improvements. “We are growing into each other,” said Lake County Public Works Engineering Director Jeffrey Earhart. The 2017 agreement identifies a need including a new roadway network to link Orange and Lake counties together at three defined connection points. The pending Flemings-Sawgrass connection is one of them. Residents say the additional roads would also likely reduce traffic in the surrounding area, like Osceola’s infamously congested Route 192. Whether that turns out to be the case remains to be seen; research indicates [https://www.nber.org/papers/w15376] as road capacity expands, congestion actually tends to get worse. A map from the 2017 interlocal agreement identifies three “connection points” for future roadways to link Orange and Lake counties together. [https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/58786d4/2147483647/strip/false/crop/552x694+0+0/resize/420x528!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F90%2F61%2F581ce7bc4d929806b7c2e6500e71%2Fmap-connection-points-2017-interlocal.png]A map from the 2017 interlocal agreement identifies three “connection points” for future roadways to link Orange and Lake counties together.(Courtesy Orange County) For Orange County, the interlocal agreement presented a new and unique challenge, according to Transportation Planning Division Manager Brian Sanders. Original plans for Horizon West [https://www.orangecountyfl.net/PlanningDevelopment/HorizonWestSpecialPlanningArea.aspx] in southwest Orange County, one of the county’s fastest-growing areas, had never contemplated a connection to Lake County. Now, officials would have to break the news to developers already working from those initial plans. “It took us some time to explain the dynamics of a high-volume road that would now split their community,” Sanders said. “So they took some time to get their arms around it, to make sure it made financial sense for them to do that.” It’s been nearly 10 years now, and the developers and Orange County are still trying to get the project to make financial sense. The “race right now,” Sanders wrote in an April 24 email, is to finalize a second amendment to a road network agreement [https://selfservice.or.occompt.com/ssweb/document/DOC2895S3219?search=DOCSEARCH2950S1] Orange County originally signed in 2020. More than a dozen entities owning parcels of land in the area, including along Flemings Road, signed that initial agreement. But since then, some entities have sold interests and parts of parcels, complicating right-of-way acquisitions and other logistics required for construction to begin. Regardless of when it does ultimately start, road construction will last about 18 months, according to Sanders. Based on that timeline, if construction were to start in July, the soonest Flemings Road would be done is January 2027: a year after the timeline promised by the signs in Serenoa Lakes, and what residents say is more than a decade after they first heard talk of the road. Kyle Glanton drives from Four Corners to where he works in East Orlando before sunrise on March 31, 2025. He shifted to this earlier work schedule to avoid traffic, and leaves his house before 5 a.m. every day. [https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/02fb848/2147483647/strip/false/crop/2000x1182+0+0/resize/792x468!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F86%2F64%2Fd3e87a2a401e88dcb60a6e48d889%2F03312025-kyle-glanton-commute.jpg]Kyle Glanton drives from Four Corners to where he works in East Orlando before sunrise on March 31, 2025. He shifted to this earlier work schedule to avoid traffic, and leaves his house before 5 a.m. every day.(Molly Duerig / Central Florida Public Media) A “ROAD TO NOWHERE” When Kyle Glanton’s family bought their new-build home in Serenoa Lakes two years ago, it was with the roadway connection in mind. “We chose that specific location because of the promise [of] the connection to Orlando,” Glanton said. Without the connection in place, driving to Downtown Orlando takes around 30 minutes longer than it otherwise would, Glanton said. And even though he and his neighbors can see Disney World’s nightly fireworks from where they live, actually getting to the theme park can take 45 minutes to an hour, depending on traffic. That’s why, up until last year, Glanton and some other community members were taking advantage of a makeshift shortcut: the Sawgrass-Flemings connection, in all its rural, unfinished glory. Since a small section of the route was unpaved at that point, it was mostly folks with Jeeps and other larger vehicles — the “dirty tire crew” — braving the road, Glanton said. “They were calling it the Disney cut-through,” Glanton said. Cement barriers that previously blocked access to Lake County’s side of the pending roadway connection were recently removed; here, they are pictured on March 22, 2025. [https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/af5c2d8/2147483647/strip/false/crop/2000x1333+0+0/resize/792x528!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F84%2F8a%2Fe8f2addc4afb9ed36e7a81128190%2F03222025-lake-county-blockades-road-connection.jpg]Cement barriers that previously blocked access to Lake County’s side of the pending roadway connection were recently removed; here, they are pictured on March 22, 2025.(Molly Duerig / Central Florida Public Media) But as word of the shortcut kept spreading, eventually, “no trespassing” signs went up, Glanton said. So did cement barricades, set up by officials in both counties to prevent drivers from accessing the unfinished roadway connection. It’s a question of human safety, along with the integrity of the road itself, according to Sanders with Orange County, who called the shortcut “problematic.” “There’s vehicles getting stuck. They may be going on private property. More vehicles are coming onto our road than, structurally, it can handle,” Sanders said. The cement blockades on Lake County’s side have since come down, as the county wraps up its end of construction. But the Orange County barricades remain in place, to the chagrin of many of Glanton’s neighbors. Barricades block access to Flemings Road in Orange County on April 21, 2025. The county is waiting on results from recent geotechnical testing, to see whether the road is structurally sound enough to open to local traffic. Opening the road — and keeping it open, once construction starts — would make the project more expensive, something developers would need to approve, per Orange County. [https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/1e49e63/2147483647/strip/false/crop/2000x1125+0+0/resize/792x446!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F19%2F57%2F6e2991df4e3cb211c315d1ee1f9c%2F04212025-flemings-road-duerig.jpg]Barricades block access to Flemings Road in Orange County on April 21, 2025. The county is waiting on results from recent geotechnical testing, to see whether the road is structurally sound enough to open to local traffic. Opening the road — and keeping it open, once construction starts — would make the project more expensive, something developers would need to approve, per Orange County. (Molly Duerig / Central Florida Public Media ) “A lot of my [neighbors], they want to see us go ahead and allow the road to be used in its current state,” Glanton said. “I’m a little more open to being more patient than that. I would like to just go ahead and see the actual construction on Orange County’s side take place.” As it stands, with the counties’ construction timelines out of sync, the roadway connection will likely remain in a half-finished state for some time. “It's going to just be the road to nowhere, essentially,” Glanton said. “RECIPE FOR DISASTER” Orange County recently contracted a geotechnical consultant to examine how structurally stable Flemings Road is in its current state. Those test results, due in the coming weeks, should help determine whether or not the road could be safely reopened to local traffic. Meanwhile, area residents have safety concerns of their own. Until the connection is finished, for some neighborhoods nestled towards the back of the sprawling development community, there is only one way in and one way out. The lack of access to Flemings as an emergency exit has already created problems for some residents: like Esterling and Gabriela Lantigua, whose four-year-old daughter nearly died last fall when she fell into a pool and legally drowned, according to her parents. Had they been able to access the roadway connection, emergency responders said they would’ve been able to get to the scene much more quickly, Esterling said: “That was the first thing that came out of their mouths … They would have been there within the minute mark, or even less.” But without the road, it took seven to eight minutes for emergency responders to arrive on scene. “If it wasn't for my sister being there and knowing how to do CPR, I would have lost [my daughter],” Gabriela said. Even before the drowning scare, the Lantiguas said, they’d considered the possibility of an emergency — like a hurricane, flood or fire — prompting a bottleneck situation, with too many cars all trying to leave the community at once, from the same exit point. “And surprise, surprise, we ran into an emergency,” Esterling said. Residents of neighborhoods in a sprawling, planned development in the Four Corners area gather on March 22, 2025, to protest the lack of a promised roadway connection between Lake and Orange counties. [https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/724935b/2147483647/strip/false/crop/2000x1125+0+0/resize/792x446!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F84%2F28%2Fc9208c5e4946a5cb28d0d1cb1ea3%2F03222025-road-protest-duerig-3.jpg]Residents of neighborhoods in a sprawling, planned development in the Four Corners area gather on March 22, 2025, to protest the lack of a promised roadway connection between Lake and Orange counties.(Molly Duerig / Central Florida Public Media) Fortunately, the Lantiguas’ daughter recovered well from the incident, with no lasting health complications, according to her parents. Still, the harrowing experience left a mark. And the Lantiguas aren’t alone. Other residents have shared their own personal stories of distress, exacerbated by the incomplete roadway connection. Better access to critical services in Orlando was “literally the reason that we moved here,” said Rachel Brymer, who moved into the community with her husband last year. But after giving birth to her first child last July, Brymer found herself in an emergency situation, she said, dealing with postpartum preeclampsia and severe postpartum edema in her legs. Brymer and her husband headed to the hospital in Downtown Orlando where she gave birth, AdventHealth. “By the time we got there, I ended up collapsing outside of my car,” Brymer said. “It was very scary.” Had they arrived at the hospital even 10 minutes sooner, Brymer said, she thinks things would have been different: “I wouldn’t have that traumatic, postpartum memory.” Today, without the roadway connection in place, the Brymers and Lantiguas continue living with a sense of unease about what could happen if another emergency unfolds. “Knowing that I live in a community [where] I have literally just one exit?” Esterling said. “It’s just a recipe for disaster.” BUILDING NEW ROADS: A LONG AND WINDING ROAD Officials with both Lake and Orange counties insist they understand how important the roadway connection project is, and are prioritizing its completion. They also say building a new road is never an easy feat. “This is a very dynamic area of the county, very fast-growing,” said Sanders with Orange County. “And we're producing as quickly as humanly possible.” Lake County resident Deborah Running walks down Flemings Road, towards Orange County, on April 12, 2025. It's about a five-minute walk from the roundabout in Lake County behind her to the barricades blocking off access to Flemings in Orange County. But in a car, without access to Flemings, the same journey can take 30 minutes or more. [https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/fd5ce8b/2147483647/strip/false/crop/2000x1333+0+0/resize/792x528!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fec%2F1f%2F192b54e04583b8d67e233863de8a%2F04212025-debbie-running-flemings-duerig.jpg]Lake County resident Deborah Running walks down Flemings Road, towards Orange County, on April 12, 2025. It's about a five-minute walk from the roundabout in Lake County behind her to the barricades blocking off access to Flemings in Orange County. But in a car, without access to Flemings, the same journey can take 30 minutes or more.(Molly Duerig / Central Florida Public Media) Understanding why residents are impatient for the road to come to fruition, the reality is that so far, progress on Flemings Road is pretty much on track with other road projects in Orange County, according to Sanders. “The [county’s] roadway program, if uninterrupted, takes about eight years: two years for the study, two years for the design, two years for the right-of-way acquisition, and then two years for the construction of the project,” Sanders said. “Today, we're sitting at year five.” A right-of-way is a type of easement that provides access to a piece of property while road construction is underway. Typically, Orange County won’t start the right-of-way acquisition process until the road design phase is complete. But for Flemings Road, the county’s been working on both phases simultaneously in an effort to expedite the process, the county’s deputy administrator Jon Weiss said at an April 9 meeting of Orange County’s Roadway Agreements Committee [https://www.orangecountyfl.net/TrafficTransportation/RoadwayAgreements.aspx]. “Unfortunately, because of some of the technical complexities, because of the right-of-way interests, there's been some challenges,” Weiss said. “But we are, I think, pretty close to a schedule today that almost mirrors what was originally contemplated back in 2020.” Still, some residents remain skeptical, saying it feels like developers are holding the reins on a critical community infrastructure project. Lake County resident Deborah Running said as much during a RAC meeting in late March, for which an agenda item to discuss the pending Flemings connection was pulled, following property owners’ last-minute request. “Orange and Lake counties have agreed on this connection for years. They approved new residential developments in the Serenoa and Flemings neighborhoods, fully aware that there would be an increase in local traffic,” said Deborah Running. In the Four Corners area, Orange County data show traffic counts have skyrocketed in recent years, including along Flemings Road. [https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/e060fba/2147483647/strip/false/crop/700x502+0+0/resize/700x502!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fac%2F5e%2Fc6502a9b47b983fc1a4dd2b70548%2Ftraffic-counts-flemings.png]In the Four Corners area, Orange County data show traffic counts have skyrocketed in recent years, including along Flemings Road. (Graphic made with Infogram) At the April 9 RAC meeting, Weiss acknowledged the road network agreement hadn’t panned out exactly as expected. He said it is likely the most difficult such agreement county staff have worked on in Horizon West. “It's twice as long, and it seems four times as complicated as any of the other agreements that we've had to manage,” Weiss said. “Ultimately, [in] this agreement, we did some things that we probably shouldn’t have.” Orange County allowed for some deviation from Horizon West’s typical development requirements, “specifically to provide for the improvements to Flemings Road and to get that connection to Lake County,” Weiss said. Lake County Public Works Engineering Director Jeffrey Earhart (left) and Construction Manager Terry Scott pose for a picture at the county’s Public Works office in Tavares in April 2025. [https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/cc16e92/2147483647/strip/false/crop/2000x1125+0+0/resize/792x446!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F38%2F08%2Fa6c21c874711b4492ee57b8429fb%2F04142025-jeff-earhart-terry-scott-lake-county.jpg]Lake County Public Works Engineering Director Jeffrey Earhart (left) and Construction Manager Terry Scott pose for a picture at the county’s Public Works office in Tavares in April 2025.(Molly Duerig / Central Florida Public Media ) A “CHICKEN OR EGG” CONUNDRUM Even with less complicated arrangements involving fewer property owners, it’s still often developers holding the key to getting new roads built. Part of that’s simply because roads are for getting from point A to point B, with developed property often serving as destinations. “The need for the road isn't really there until the developer wants to develop the adjacent land and the land around it,” said Lake County Construction Inspection Supervisor Terry Scott. “Unfortunately, that's when [the road] gets constructed … The developer drives that need.” Developers also help drive the pace of road construction, because on their own, local governments often simply can’t afford the massive price of building new roads. That’s especially true given today’s road construction costs, which are significantly inflated, according to the Federal Highway Administration [https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/otps/nhcci/NHCCI_Narrative_Article_2024_Q2.pdf]: outpacing the more general rate of inflation reflected by the Consumer Price Index. Between design, right-of-way acquisition and construction, Orange County roads cost roughly $4.54 million per lane mile, according to a 2020 study prepared for the county [https://www.orangecountyfl.net/Portals/0/Library/Traffic-Transportation/docs/OrangeCountyTIF_FINAL_9-11-2020.pdf]. That’s where developers come in, according to Sanders. “The development community plays a unique role. They're able to finance these projects well ahead of Orange County's collections of impact fees,” Sanders said. That’s because developers of large projects, like this one in the Four Corners, typically have partners with the financial backing necessary for funding road projects immediately, once they’re approved. But changes are still pending for Orange County’s road network agreement with the cluster of landowner entities near the development, some of which are still being chased down to sign the amended agreement. Construction on Flemings Road can’t begin until all those necessary signatures are collected. Once all the signatures are in, county staff will immediately request the board of county commissioners to approve the amended agreement at its next available meeting, Sanders said, while noting it generally takes at least a month to get on the agenda. The unfinished Flemings-Sawgrass Bay connection, seen here from Flemings Road on April 21, 2025, leads to an apartment complex at the back of a large residential development in Lake County. [https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/f512fd6/2147483647/strip/false/crop/2000x1125+0+0/resize/792x446!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F27%2F17%2Fbc207dc745c6be776825c049f255%2F04212025-alton-serenoa-sawgrass-bay-blvd-from-flemings.jpg]The unfinished Flemings-Sawgrass Bay connection, seen here from Flemings Road on April 21, 2025, leads to an apartment complex at the back of a large residential development in Lake County.(Molly Duerig / Central Florida Public Media) For many local governments in the United States, it’s challenging to fund road projects. But it can be an especially daunting task in Florida, where property tax restrictions significantly limit communities’ ability to grow revenue, according to Adam Carr, a project manager with Urban3. The urban planning firm helps cities and counties understand the role of land use and development patterns on local governments’ long-term financial health. The Sunshine State is not alone in offering residents a homestead exemption [https://floridarevenue.com/property/Documents/pt112.pdf]. But Florida’s low cap on how much a home’s assessed value can grow — either 3% or Consumer Price Index, whichever is less — does make Florida “fairly extreme,” Carr said. Here in Carr’s home state of Florida, “there is this constraint on revenue growth for communities, [which] costs associated with maintenance and operations of infrastructure systems don't necessarily have,” Carr said. RELATED: Florida voters pass Amendment 5, changing homestead tax exemptions [https://www.cfpublic.org/politics/2024-11-06/florida-voters-pass-amendment-5-changing-homestead-tax-exemptions] In a sense, then, roads are an unfunded utility, Carr said. “At least in our current development paradigm, everybody is using roads for transportation and getting around. But it’s not often directly funded by local governments in the same way that a water utility or sewer utility might be,” with usage fees, Carr said. Instead, in order to fund road projects like Flemings, local governments rely heavily on tax revenues; namely, property taxes, especially given Florida’s lack of a state income tax. “Because property taxes are such a foundational piece of how local governments pay for these types of things, the amount of revenue that properties generate is directly associated with … the quality of roads that you might see in a given area,” Carr said. Without being able to raise property taxes, that revenue stream is limited. Roads are largely funded by impact fees, paid by developers to local governments as a condition for being allowed to develop in the first place. But since those are one-time fees, they won’t cover the cost of long-term road maintenance needs, like resurfacing — and, eventually, rebuilding, according to a report [https://1000fof.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/EconomicDevelopmentFlorida_Report_v2_compressed.pdf] produced by Urban3 last year for 1000 Friends of Florida. Earhart with Lake County describes developers’ role in road construction as a dynamic not unlike the proverbial “chicken and the egg,” especially with road construction costs now skyrocketing from inflation [https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/otps/nhcci/NHCCI_Narrative_Article_2024_Q2.pdf]. In the early 2000s, one project bid Earhart made came back at $2.5 million; today, the cost is up to $8 million, he said. “Roads cost a lot of money, and a lot of our money goes into keeping the existing roads working,” Earhart said, adding that in Lake County, “there's not a lot of new roads that are not developer-driven.” Lake County isn’t part of the roadway network agreement between Orange County and property owners, and is therefore limited in its power to help expedite work on Flemings Road. But Earhart came to Orange County’s March 26 RAC meeting to express his support for the project. “I just want to thank everyone for working together with us,” Earhart said, addressing committee members during a public comment period. “We're very anxious to make the connection happen between Lake and Orange County.” Kyle Glanton’s morning video calls with his four-year-old daughter, Kennedy, are a daily routine, since Glanton can’t see her off to school. Traffic delays prompted Glanton to adjust to an earlier work schedule, with him now starting his commute before 5 a.m. [https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/f0ce412/2147483647/strip/false/crop/2000x1125+0+0/resize/792x446!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F41%2F55%2F871499b04e93b2e027cec022f164%2F03312025-kyle-kennedy-glanton-duerig.jpg]Kyle Glanton’s morning video calls with his four-year-old daughter, Kennedy, are a daily routine, since Glanton can’t see her off to school. Traffic delays prompted Glanton to adjust to an earlier work schedule, with him now starting his commute before 5 a.m.(Molly Duerig / Central Florida Public Media) MAKING TIME FOR WHAT MATTERS MOST Glanton shifted to an earlier work schedule because of the unfinished Flemings-Sawgrass Bay connection, to reduce how much time he spends sitting in traffic. Now, Glanton leaves his house each day around 4:45 a.m. to get to his job in East Orlando, long before the crack of dawn. It still takes him about an hour to get there. The biggest downside? Glanton barely ever gets to see his four-year-old daughter, Kennedy — at least, not in person. The highlight of Glanton’s day is their daily video call around 7:30 a.m., shortly after he gets to work. “It’s the closest we can get to a substitute for the real thing,” Glanton said after one of those daily chats one morning in March. “These moments, they don’t come back.” Glanton and his wife originally thought of having more children, but are now leaning against it. partly due to the lack of a roadway connection that would make so many aspects of their daily lives easier. “I just don't see how we could do it,” Glanton said. As it stands, Glanton’s mom moved into their home full-time to help care for Kennedy, at least for as long as Glanton has to work the earlier schedule. That March morning, Kennedy told Glanton she felt extra sad to wake up without him that day: “I was crying when I was missing Daddy,” she said through the phone. “Yeah, I'm sorry, darling,” Glanton said. “Soon we'll get back to normal, hopefully.”

28 de abr de 2025 - 8 min
Portada del episodio Editor’s note: Commuting is costly, what’s it worth to you?

Editor’s note: Commuting is costly, what’s it worth to you?

A study exploring whether SunRail should be expanded creating the Sunshine Corridor has been approved and will run until May 2027. The proposed expansion is expected to cost more than $4 billion. [https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/7f85b78/2147483647/strip/false/crop/1464x828+0+0/resize/792x448!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F6f%2Feb%2F22162dc347f59b03d1f7b7f190f9%2Fsr-trainatstation.PNG]A study exploring whether SunRail should be expanded creating the Sunshine Corridor has been approved and will run until May 2027. The proposed expansion is expected to cost more than $4 billion.(Joe Byrnes) We’re kicking off the third installment of Central Florida Seen & Heard, our annual reporting series where we take a deep dive into an issue that you all — Central Floridians – have told us is important to you. In past years, we’ve taken on immigration and flooding, but this time around, we’re talking about something that impacts absolutely everyone -- transportation. How we got here The seed to do a series focusing on transportation was first planted during a listening session we held in Kissimmee last year. People there talked about their frustrations with all the traffic they’re now encountering due to the massive amount of growth. Kissimmee is in Osceola County -- the eighth fastest growing county in the country [https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2025/population-estimates-counties-metro-micro.html#metro-areas-numeric-growth] when looking at percent growth. The people at that listening session spoke about trips that used to take 20-30 minutes now taking an hour or more depending on the time of day. They wondered why developers weren’t being asked to build more roads – and to do it faster – to keep up with the growth of the area. Those questions, those comments, those concerns, they stuck with me. Decades to plan Those are questions that also resonate with people throughout Central Florida. Including in Four Corners [https://onevisionfourcorners.com/] where Lake, Osceola, Orange and Polk counties meet. Lake is where we met people for this series who live in the rapidly growing city of Clermont who said they were promised a new so-called connector road at least two decades ago. That road would speed up the commute to places like downtown Orlando or Disney. We spoke with a dad who adjusted his work schedule because that road was not completed. He now spends less time stuck in traffic, but at the cost of seeing their daughter in the morning. The commute is so bad the couple have decided not to have more children. While toll roads and expensive car insurance hit pocketbooks hard, the cost goes well beyond the financial. Individuals and families are making difficult life decisions around transit. Is public transit the answer? The answer to that question remains to be seen. But for public transit in its current form in Central Florida, experts say no. We rode the bus with people who commute three-plus hours one way to get to work in this sprawling region and then have to walk an additional mile or two to get to their final destination. And when it comes to SunRail, the region's commuter rail system, ridership is low. In fact, according to a 2023 Central Florida Commuter Rail profile [https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/transit_agency_profile_doc/2023/40232.pdf], people are taking so few rides that the cost to transport each passenger one mile comes out to $3.93. That’s 236% higher than the national average, according to a National Transit Study and Trends report [https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/2024-12/2023%20National%20Transit%20Summaries%20and%20Trends_1.2.pdf]. Still, leaders are looking to expand passenger rail through a proposal called the Sunshine Corridor. On Thursday, the Central Florida Commuter Rail Commission approved a $6 million Sunshine Corridor study. It’s being funded by the Florida Department of Transportation and Universal, along with the city of Orlando, and Orange, Volusia, Osceola and Seminole counties. Depending on what that two-year study finds, billions could be spent expanding SunRail to the airport, the convention center and the attractions.. While some community leaders already say the Sunshine Corridor is worth the financial costs, others are unsure. What is clear is that there is a cost to all of this and that’s what we’re exploring with Central Florida Seen & Heard: Costly Commute.

25 de abr de 2025 - 3 min
Portada del episodio Rising Water: All one water

Rising Water: All one water

Two weeks after Hurricane Milton, floodwaters remained high in a Seminole County neighborhood just north of Lake Jesup on October 23, 2024. [https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/1f5dca8/2147483647/strip/false/crop/2000x1125+0+0/resize/792x446!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F3a%2F9a%2F48e8cc2f44bf8414225c0c7d67d7%2F10232024-lake-jesup-wilderness-area-flooded-duerig.jpg]Two weeks after Hurricane Milton, floodwaters remained high in a Seminole County neighborhood just north of Lake Jesup on October 23, 2024.(Molly Duerig / Central Florida Public Media ) So far in our podcast, Central Florida Seen & Heard: Rising Water Part Two, we’ve explored how Florida’s land and water are interconnected. We’ve seen how conserving land, particularly floodplain and wetlands, helps reduce flooding. Now, in the final installment of our podcast, we’re exploring another critical water connection: the connection between water quantity, and water quality in Central Florida. RELATED: Rising Water: Build, drain, flood [https://www.cfpublic.org/environment/2024-10-29/rising-water-build-drain-flood] The way water cycles through our world shows us how ultimately, it is all connected [https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/water-cycle]. Water falls from clouds in the form of rain, snow or hail, and it evaporates into the atmosphere from surface waters, like lakes and oceans. Water is also stored beneath the ground [https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/aquifers-and-groundwater] in aquifers, like the ones supplying drinking water to 90% of people [https://www.sjrwmd.com/water-supply/aquifer/] in northeast and east-Central Florida. Rain recharges, or replenishes, Florida’s freshwater aquifers. This diagram shows where groundwater, including fresh potable water, is stored: beneath the water table, also known as the “zone of saturation.” [https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/65f11fb/2147483647/strip/false/crop/1336x822+0+0/resize/792x487!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fbf%2Fc4%2F51bd44744eec905fab96e10e68b2%2Fwss-gw-how-groundwater-occurs-diagram-via-usgs.png]This diagram shows where groundwater, including fresh potable water, is stored: beneath the water table, also known as the “zone of saturation.”(U.S. Geological Survey / Water Science School) But too much rain can also create problems: like flooding, which in itself can lead to water quality and contamination concerns. In a small Astor neighborhood right on the St. Johns River, four days after Hurricane Milton [https://www.cfpublic.org/environment/2024-10-14/st-johns-rises-volusia-residents-on-river-plan-stay], resident Bill Barney tried his best to avoid stepping in the several inches of floodwater still engulfing his street. Although he’d seen the neighborhood flood other times since Barney moved here in 1992, this time was a bit different, he said. “Usually, it goes away quick,” Barney said. This time though, the water lingered for days after the storm, still making backyards disappear into the St. Johns River right behind Barney’s house. But the flooding inside Barney’s home didn’t come from the river itself, he said. “It's not like the water came in the house,” Barney said. “The water came into the house through the toilets … It just blew the seals out of the toilet.” Four days after Hurricane Milton, Rich Williams was still surrounded by floodwaters where he lives in Astor, right along the St. Johns River. The storm's heavy rains submerged and temporarily disabled the community's small wastewater system. [https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/51bd6ca/2147483647/strip/false/crop/2000x1333+0+0/resize/792x528!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fa7%2Fc9%2F32afb9be4d52b69a6dcd22713548%2F10132024-rich-williams-duerig.jpg]Four days after Hurricane Milton, Rich Williams was still surrounded by floodwaters where he lives in Astor, right along the St. Johns River. The storm's heavy rains submerged and temporarily disabled the community's small wastewater system.(Molly Duerig / Central Florida Public Media ) Next door to Barney, Rich Williams had the same problem, for what he said was the first time in his 13 years of living in the neighborhood: sewage spilling out from under one of his toilets. Williams, who said he previously worked as a licensed master plumber, wrangled a temporary solution, using a plug to stop the waste from spewing out. “Otherwise, it would be flowing out of there,” Williams said. The Florida Government Utility Authority owns and operates “Jungle Den,” [https://fgua.com/docs/systems/System-Description-Jungle-Den-Volusia.pdf] the small wastewater system serving about 143 connections in the neighborhood. It’s called a package plant [https://www3.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/package_plant.pdf]: a wastewater treatment facility designed for smaller communities that is pre-assembled, then transported to the service site. Heavy rains from Hurricane Milton submerged parts of Jungle Den, including its lift stations. Lift stations are often necessary to move sewage to treatment facilities in Florida, versus gravity alone, due to the state’s generally low elevation. “Any time that you have a lift station submerged, you're gonna have issues with the flow of sewage,” said John Nieves, Assistant Community Service Manager for FGUA. And since the Jungle Den system sits at a very low point, it is especially vulnerable to flooding, Nieves said. During and in the days following Milton, FGUA responded to calls from customers reporting sewage backups into their homes, like Williams and Barney. But FGUA didn’t report those backups to a higher authority, like the Florida Department of Environmental Protection — because it wasn’t required to, Nieves said. “That's not considered a contamination,” Nieves said. “It is, I understand, in the person's home. I mean, obviously it's not sanitary. But … it doesn't fall under the [FDEP] guidelines where we need to notify them for a contamination, if you will.” Bill Barney trudges through floodwaters to his car on October 13, 2024. [https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/2b1fde7/2147483647/strip/false/crop/4032x2268+0+0/resize/792x446!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fea%2F5b%2F79d64eea4ec5a67d1508c8177aab%2Fpxl-20241013-175154683.jpg]Bill Barney trudges through floodwaters to his car on October 13, 2024.(Molly Duerig / Central Florida Public Media) Spills of more than 1,000 gallons of untreated sewage must be reported to the State Watch Office [https://www.floridadisaster.org/dem/response/operations/state-watch-office/] within Florida’s Division of Emergency Management, as well as “other abnormal events where information indicates that public health or the environment will be endangered, or the spill has reached surface waters,” according to FDEP [https://floridadep.gov/sites/default/files/SanitarySewerOverflows.pdf]. But until a sewage spill meets that threshold, posting a Public Notice of Pollution [https://floridadep.gov/pollutionnotice] is optional, and FDEP doesn’t guarantee the accuracy of any notices submitted to the portal. The last time a notice of pollution was submitted for Jungle Den was in 2017. Additionally, the sewage backing up into Astor homes was just that: a backup, not a spill, Nieves said. “If there was a sewer backup in someone’s home, then it wouldn’t be a contamination,” Nieves said, adding that sewer backups can occur for many reasons, like roots growing in pipes, for example. Across the U.S., hundreds of water bodies are chronically contaminated, many of them from aging sewer infrastructure, according to Valerie Harwood, a microbiologist and professor of Integrative Biology at the University of South Florida. In her lab, Harwood and her students study sewage, looking at the DNA of bacteria in water to determine whether sewage contamination is present, and where it came from. “A lot of times, you can't even see the stuff that's going to hurt you,” Harwood said. “Fecal contamination — at a level where there's enough pathogens, enough disease-causing microorganisms to make people sick — that doesn't necessarily change the color or the odor of the water.” Even though we can’t always see it, sewage contamination in the environment is a big problem, Harwood said. “It's a bit out of sight, out of mind: as long as there's no sewage bubbling up to the surface, it tends to go under the radar, so to speak,” Harwood said. “But that sewage is still percolating.” Floodwaters in a backyard are seen merging with the flooded St. Johns River. [https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/1da648c/2147483647/strip/false/crop/4032x2268+0+0/resize/792x446!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fcc%2F82%2Fb91b6a534bfc9c2eee30435ea3cd%2F10132024-volusia-flooding-7.jpg]The St. Johns River in Astor flooded during Hurricane Milton and several days later, on October 13, 2024, the floodwaters still hadn’t receded.(Molly Duerig / Central Florida Public Media) Flooding can overwhelm wastewater systems, causing sewage to overflow. “The systems, they can't handle it,” Harwood said. “If that rainwater is coming in at a great rate, it's creating a huge amount of flow into that system, and now the wastewater has nowhere to go but out, in a heck of a hurry.” FDEP administers penalty fines for wastewater violations, including unauthorized wastewater discharges, with base fines ranging from $750 to $15,000, depending on the severity of the violation, according to an agency manual [https://floridadep.gov/sites/default/files/Guidelines_for_Characterizing_Wastewater_Violations_May_2023.pdf]. But FDEP also authorizes some wastewater discharges into surface waters, like lakes, under certain conditions. And Harwood said there’s a reason why lift stations are often right next to a waterbody, like a retention pond or a creek: if the lift station fails, due to a power outage or flooding, the sewage still must go somewhere. “Although we certainly don't want to chronically release large amounts of sewage, if it has to happen, it's better that it goes into a waterbody and gets diluted and carried off, rather than going directly into places where people live and work and shop,” Harwood said. In addition to helping with flood control, wetlands also filter out pollutants from stormwater runoff before it reaches surface waters. [https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/fa3e22e/2147483647/strip/false/crop/2000x1569+0+0/resize/673x528!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fcd%2F31%2Fb7aa583f4b10b0d6f013aafadf2e%2F10232024-lake-jesup-wetlands-duerig.jpg]In addition to helping with flood control, wetlands also filter out pollutants from stormwater runoff before it reaches surface waters. (Molly Duerig / Central Florida Public Media ) Hurricane Milton delivered 18 inches of rain to parts of Volusia County: “record levels,” Nieves said, only exacerbating flood risk for the Astor neighborhood right near the Volusia-Lake County border — and its wastewater treatment system — which both sit at a low point. Still, he’s never seen the small wastewater system become so overwhelmed, besides during Hurricane Ian, Nieves said. System upgrades already planned prior to Milton will soon be underway, including a brand-new lift station that will sit at higher elevation, Nieves said. After the upgrades, “it’s less likely that we'll have this issue,” Nieves said. “I can't say we won't, because if there is again, major flooding, it still could occur. But it'll definitely improve it to where it's less likely.” Following the night of October 9, when the Jungle Den system became overwhelmed, FGUA staff used bypass pumps as a temporary fix, pumping sewage between manholes to move it to different lift stations, Nieves said. Williams was finally able to flush his toilet again October 16, he said. But the wastewater system did not get fully back up and running until October 28, according to Nieves. Wastewater infrastructure doesn’t tend to be top of mind for many of us, Harwood said: it’s not something people tend to enjoy talking about, and when our own toilets seem to be working fine, it can be tough to understand why expensive infrastructure improvements are necessary. Yet sewage contamination is a critical issue, as Florida officials recognize: state laws passed in 2021 require local governments to analyze their wastewater and stormwater facilities, and plan for future resiliency needs. “If you get a chance to vote for or talk about the need to provide better [wastewater] infrastructure, then it's in all of our best interests, and in the environment's best interest, to do it: to fund that sort of improvement,” Harwood said.

12 de nov de 2024 - 10 min
Soy muy de podcasts. Mientras hago la cama, mientras recojo la casa, mientras trabajo… Y en Podimo encuentro podcast que me encantan. De emprendimiento, de salid, de humor… De lo que quiera! Estoy encantada 👍
Soy muy de podcasts. Mientras hago la cama, mientras recojo la casa, mientras trabajo… Y en Podimo encuentro podcast que me encantan. De emprendimiento, de salid, de humor… De lo que quiera! Estoy encantada 👍
MI TOC es feliz, que maravilla. Ordenador, limpio, sugerencias de categorías nuevas a explorar!!!
Me suscribi con los 14 días de prueba para escuchar el Podcast de Misterios Cotidianos, pero al final me quedo mas tiempo porque hacia tiempo que no me reía tanto. Tiene Podcast muy buenos y la aplicación funciona bien.
App ligera, eficiente, encuentras rápido tus podcast favoritos. Diseño sencillo y bonito. me gustó.
contenidos frescos e inteligentes
La App va francamente bien y el precio me parece muy justo para pagar a gente que nos da horas y horas de contenido. Espero poder seguir usándola asiduamente.

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