Heterodox Out Loud

Why does a self-described “gay, atheistic Jewish guy” argue that America needs more Christianity right now? In this thought-provoking episode, Jonathan Rauch, author, Brookings Institution senior fellow, and newly appointed board member of Heterodox Academy, joins host John Tomasi for an insightful discussion recorded in Washington, D.C.   Jonathan reflects on his new book, Cross Purposes, a contrarian apology for the Christian values that once helped sustain both American self-government and its universities. Drawing from personal narratives, constitutional history, and contemporary social fractures, Rauch argues that the decline of robust, virtue-based Christianity and the politicization of faith have contributed to polarization, anxiety, and a crisis of institutional trust.   Jonathan and John discuss Tocqueville’s analysis of individualism, the “God-shaped hole” now filled by less constructive substitutes, and what both faith and scholarship can contribute to a pluralistic republic. Join us for the conversation and explore practical and philosophical pathways to revive the transformative power of both religious and academic institutions.   In This Episode: 💥 Three core Christian virtues as a civic foundation 💥 The perils of “thin,” “sharp,” and “thick” Christianity 💥 Tocqueville, individualism, and the promise of civil society 💥 The hollowing of purpose and scholarly virtue in higher education 💥 Faith, viewpoint diversity, and restoring vibrant campus culture 💥 Challenges and opportunities for self-reform in academia   Read Jonathan’s latest book, Cross Purposes [https://a.co/d/dRaWsfL]: https://a.co/d/dRaWsfL [https://a.co/d/dRaWsfL] Check out more about the Brookings Institution [https://www.brookings.edu/]: https://www.brookings.edu/ [https://www.brookings.edu/]   About Jonathan: Jonathan Rauch is a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution and a contributing writer for The Atlantic, renowned for his incisive commentary on public policy, culture, and governance. He has authored several influential books, including The Constitution of Knowledge: A Defense of Truth (2021) [https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/the-constitution-of-knowledge-jonathan-rauch/1138717170;jsessionid=6182E853EC2F91FD1E25D6E0FFA4CD9A.prodny_store02-atgap17?ean=9780815738862], which delves into the challenges of disinformation and the importance of truth in democratic societies. His latest book, Cross Purposes: Christianity's Broken Bargain with Democracy (2025) [https://www.amazon.com/Cross-Purposes-Christianitys-Bargain-Democracy/dp/0300273541], examines the evolving relationship between American Christianity and liberal democracy, arguing that the decline of religious institutions has significant implications for democratic health. Rauch's extensive body of work reflects his commitment to exploring complex societal issues, making him a prominent voice in contemporary discussions on democracy, religion, and public discourse.  In January 2025, Rauch was appointed to the Board of Directors of Heterodox Academy (HxA),  Follow Jonathan on X: https://x.com/jon_rauch [https://x.com/jon_rauch] ============================ Follow Heterodox Academy on: Twitter: https://bit.ly/3Fax5Dy [https://bit.ly/3Fax5Dy] Facebook: https://bit.ly/3PMYxfw [https://bit.ly/3PMYxfw] LinkedIn: https://bit.ly/48IYeuJ [https://bit.ly/48IYeuJ] Instagram: https://bit.ly/46HKfUg [https://bit.ly/46HKfUg] Substack: https://bit.ly/48IhjNF [https://bit.ly/48IhjNF]   🔗 Find out more about Heterodox Academy at: https://linktr.ee/heterodoxoutloud [https://linktr.ee/heterodoxoutloud]

Trust in universities has cratered, ideological divisions are deepening, and the future of higher education is hotly contested. How do we repair our academic institutions without tearing them down entirely? Today on Heterodox Out Loud, host John Tomasi welcomes Michael Roth, President of Wesleyan University, historian, and esteemed thought leader on liberal education, for a frank and probing dialogue.   Drawing on recent Gallup polling data, Michael and John examine the collapse of public trust in higher education, particularly among conservatives, and the orchestrated efforts across the spectrum to delegitimize academic institutions. Michael discusses the double bind facing universities: the hard-won gains in gender, racial, and religious inclusion overlaying a stark decline in viewpoint and ideological diversity among faculty and students.   The discussion traverses the enduring tensions between diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) initiatives and the imperative of open inquiry. Roth critiques both anti-elitist grievance-mongering and the insularity of academic circles, arguing for an educational environment that prizes rigorous debate, intellectual pluralism, and genuine mutual respect. Together, Tomasi and Roth confront thorny questions: How do universities maintain their relevance in a polarized society? Is the narrowing of acceptable discourse stifling academic innovation? And what role should university leaders play amid mounting political interventions and societal pressures?   In This Episode: 💥 Declining trust in higher education due to perceptions of elitism and delegitimation 💥 Grievance politics influencing perspectives from both the left and right 💥 Reduced viewpoint and ideological diversity among faculty members 💥 Overreaching DEI initiatives leading to unintended consequences 💥 Structural barriers hindering ideological pluralism in hiring and admissions practices 💥 University leadership's role in managing political pressure and rebuilding trust through debate   About Michael: Michael S. Roth, a historian, curator, and advocate for liberal education, has served as the 16th president of Wesleyan University since July 1, 2007. An alumnus of Wesleyan (Class of 1978), graduating summa cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa, before earning a Ph.D. in history from Princeton University in 1984. Before returning to Wesleyan, Roth held several prominent academic positions, including president of the California College of the Arts, associate director of the Getty Research Institute, and founding director of the Scripps College Humanities Institute. His scholarly work focuses on how individuals and societies interpret the past, and he has authored numerous books, such as Beyond the University: Why Liberal Education Matters and Safe Enough Spaces: A Pragmatist’s Approach to Inclusion, Free Speech, and Political Correctness on College Campuses. A vocal proponent of academic freedom, Roth has been recognized for his defense of higher education institutions against political pressures. In 2025, he received the PEN/Benenson Courage Award for his commitment to upholding the independence of colleges and universities.   Follow Michael on X: https://x.com/mroth78 [https://x.com/mroth78] Follow Heterodox Academy on: Twitter: https://bit.ly/3Fax5Dy [https://bit.ly/3Fax5Dy] Facebook: https://bit.ly/3PMYxfw [https://bit.ly/3PMYxfw] LinkedIn: https://bit.ly/48IYeuJ [https://bit.ly/48IYeuJ] Instagram: https://bit.ly/46HKfUg [https://bit.ly/46HKfUg] Substack: https://bit.ly/48IhjNF [https://bit.ly/48IhjNF]   🔗 Find out more about Heterodox Academy at: https://linktr.ee/heterodoxoutloud [https://linktr.ee/heterodoxoutloud]

Can artificial intelligence transform how we navigate the most challenging dialogues on campus? Join us for a thought-provoking episode featuring philosopher and educator Simon Cullen, as he unveils his pioneering work at the intersection of education, technology, and constructive disagreement. In conversation with John Tomasi, Simon explores how open inquiry is both advanced and imperiled by disagreement, and describes his academic journey from Australia to Princeton and Carnegie Mellon. Central to the discussion is ‘Sway’ an AI-powered platform developed by Simon and his team to foster rigorous, evidence-based dialogue among students on controversial topics. Sway intelligently pairs students with opposing views and acts as a “guide on the side,” scaffolding reasoning, encouraging intellectual humility, and ensuring that exchanges remain constructive and charitable. Simon shares the empirical findings from thousands of Sway-mediated dialogues, where measurable increases in students’ openness, comfort, and analytical reasoning have been observed—even on divisive subjects like gender, immigration, and the Israel-Palestine conflict.   In This Episode: 💥 The pedagogical importance of constructive disagreement and argument visualization 💥 The design and implementation of Sway: an AI tool for dialogue across differences 💥 Empirical research on autonomy, self-censorship, and openness to opposing viewpoints 💥 Strategies for motivating student engagement in difficult conversations 💥 Scalable, evidence-based methods for promoting viewpoint diversity in higher education   Want to experience Sway [https://me.swaybeta.ai/] for yourself? You can instantly start a conversation—no account, no signup, no hassle. Just generate a link, share it with a friend (or a friendly opponent), and jump straight into a thoughtful dialogue. Read more about research findings and reports [https://www.swaybeta.ai/] Explore Simon’s Argument Mapping Tool: Mindmup.com [http://mindmup.com]   About Simon: Simon Cullen is a faculty member, Dean's Innovation Scholar, and Artificial Intelligence and Education Fellow at Carnegie Mellon University. He developed the award-winning "Dangerous Ideas in Science and Society" course and serves as founding co-chair of CMU's Heterodox Community. Simon's innovative research combines philosophy, cognitive science, and educational technology to improve reasoning and communication across moral and political divides. He is the co-developer of "Sway,” a chat platform that uses AI to facilitate constructive dialogue between students with differing viewpoints. His research has been published in Science Advances, Nature Science of Learning, Cognition, and the Review of Philosophy and Psychology. He holds a Ph.D. from Princeton University and specializes in the psychology and pedagogy of reasoning, and evidence-based approaches to promoting open inquiry in higher education. Next year, Simon will be a Faculty Research Fellow at the Segal Center for Academic Pluralism in New York City. Learn more about Simon [https://www.simoncullen.org/] Follow Heterodox Academy on: Twitter: https://bit.ly/3Fax5Dy [https://bit.ly/3Fax5Dy] Facebook: https://bit.ly/3PMYxfw [https://bit.ly/3PMYxfw] LinkedIn: https://bit.ly/48IYeuJ [https://bit.ly/48IYeuJ] Instagram: https://bit.ly/46HKfUg [https://bit.ly/46HKfUg] Substack: https://bit.ly/48IhjNF [https://bit.ly/48IhjNF]   🔗 Find out more about Heterodox Academy at: https://linktr.ee/heterodoxoutloud [https://linktr.ee/heterodoxoutloud]

How can sociology reclaim its commitment to rigorous inquiry and viewpoint diversity? Today, John Tomasi sits with Jukka Savolainen, Ph.D., Sociology professor at Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan, and the moderator of the Heterodox Academy’s Sociology community. They discuss the discipline's current challenges, including ideological bias and lack of viewpoint diversity, and explore potential paths toward reform.     Jukka shares his journey into sociology and his decision to leave Finland to pursue a PhD in the United States due to concerns about postmodernist influences in Finnish sociology. He addresses the core aims of sociology, its present state of fragmentation, and the impact of ideological bias on research and discourse. Jukka highlights the importance of empirical evidence and viewpoint diversity while pointing out taboos and restrictions on certain topics within the field. The conversation also examines the role of external interventions, using the example of the Danish government's restructuring of the sociology department at Copenhagen University in the 1980s, and the more recent actions by the state of Florida.   In This Episode: 💥 The ideological capture of sociology and its impact on research 💥 The lack of viewpoint diversity in the field 💥 The importance of empirical evidence and rigorous methodology 💥 Efforts to reform sociology from within 💥 The role of external intervention in addressing systemic problems 💥 The case of Mark Regnerus's controversial study on same-sex parenting   About Jukka: Jukka Savolainen is a professor of sociology and criminology at Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan, holding a dual appointment in the departments of Sociology and Criminology & Criminal Justice. He earned his Ph.D. in sociology from the State University of New York at Albany and an M.Soc.Sci. from the University of Helsinki. His research focuses on criminology, demography, cross-national comparisons, and the sociology of violence. Savolainen has been a vocal critic of ideological conformity in academia, particularly within the field of sociology, and is an active member of Heterodox Academy, where he serves as a moderator of its sociology community. He has also contributed essays to outlets like Quillette and the National Association of Scholars, challenging prevailing narratives on race, policing, and academic freedom. Previously, Savolainen served as Director of the National Archive of Criminal Justice Data at the University of Michigan's Institute for Social Research.   Follow Jukka on X: https://x.com/jukkasavo [https://x.com/jukkasavo] Follow Heterodox Academy on: Twitter: https://bit.ly/3Fax5Dy [https://bit.ly/3Fax5Dy] Facebook: https://bit.ly/3PMYxfw [https://bit.ly/3PMYxfw] LinkedIn: https://bit.ly/48IYeuJ [https://bit.ly/48IYeuJ] Instagram: https://bit.ly/46HKfUg [https://bit.ly/46HKfUg] Substack: https://bit.ly/48IhjNF [https://bit.ly/48IhjNF]   🔗 Find out more about Heterodox Academy at: https://linktr.ee/heterodoxoutloud [https://linktr.ee/heterodoxoutloud]

How did America’s universities lose the trust of the public, and what will it take to restore faith in higher education? In this episode, we are joined by Benjamin and Jenna Storey, renowned scholars, co-authors, and directors at the American Enterprise Institute’s Program on the Future of the American University. Together with host John Tomasi, they undertake a searching examination of the forces eroding confidence in universities and offer a roadmap for rebuilding their legitimacy and civic purpose. The conversation draws on the Storeys’ personal journeys through academia, they explore how universities have shifted away from their civic mission, the implications of declining viewpoint diversity, and the urgent need to re-envision liberal education in a polarized era. Their discussion critically engages with recent initiatives, including the founding of university-level Schools of Civic Thought, and emphasizes both the perils and promise of institutional reform amidst increasing political and public scrutiny. Read the report: “Civic: A Proposal for University Level Civic Education” (AEI, December 2023)   In This Episode: 💥 The crisis of public trust and universities’ civic responsibilities 💥 The decline of viewpoint and ideological diversity in academia 💥 Innovative models for enhancing open inquiry and faculty diversity 💥 The case for new academic structures—Schools of Civic Thought 💥 Navigating political pressures and governmental reform efforts 💥 The enduring value of liberal education and practical wisdom   About Benjamin & Jenna: Benjamin Storey, Ph.D, is a senior fellow in Social, Cultural, and Constitutional Studies at the American Enterprise Institute (AEI). He is concurrently a research fellow at the Civitas Institute at the University of Texas at Austin. At AEI, he focuses on the culture of higher education, the nature of liberal and civic education, and efforts to enhance viewpoint diversity on college and university campuses. He co-organizes AEI’s conference series on the Future of the American University and its workshop on the Conservative Intellectual Tradition for University Faculty. Jenna Silber Storey, Ph.D, is a senior fellow in the Social, Cultural, and Constitutional Studies department at the American Enterprise Institute (AEI), where she concentrates on political philosophy, civil society, classical schools, and higher education. She is also the co-organizer of a conference series on the future of the American university. Dr. Storey is concurrently a research fellow at the Civitas Institute at the University of Texas at Austin, and a Tocqueville scholar at Furman University, where she was previously research professor, assistant professor in politics and international affairs, and the executive director of the Tocqueville Program. Dr. Storey is the coauthor, with her husband, Benjamin Storey, of Why We Are Restless: On the Modern Quest for Contentment [https://www.amazon.com/Why-We-Are-Restless-Contentment/dp/0691211124] (Princeton University Press, 2021). Together, the Storeys are working on a book titled The Art of Choosing: How Liberal Education Should Prepare You for Life. Follow Heterodox Academy on: Twitter: https://bit.ly/3Fax5Dy [https://bit.ly/3Fax5Dy] Facebook: https://bit.ly/3PMYxfw [https://bit.ly/3PMYxfw] LinkedIn: https://bit.ly/48IYeuJ [https://bit.ly/48IYeuJ] Instagram: https://bit.ly/46HKfUg [https://bit.ly/46HKfUg] Substack: https://bit.ly/48IhjNF [https://bit.ly/48IhjNF]   🔗 Find out more about Heterodox Academy at: https://linktr.ee/heterodoxoutloud [https://linktr.ee/heterodoxoutloud]