Creative Common Sense

Debt restrictions and municipal indebtedness in American cities: evidence from the Roaring Twenties

Widespread municipal defaults in the late 19th century prompted U.S. states to pass laws restricting the amount of debt cities could incur. These restrictions generally did not bind until the 1920s, when suburban growth spurred local governments to invest in infrastructure, most of which was financed by bonds. We study the relationship between several major debt restrictions – debt limits, supermajority voting referenda, and debt exceptions – and municipal indebtedness in the Roaring Twenties. We find that cities that faced more restrictive debt rules were less indebted by 1929. We also find that debt limits reduced the amount of capital spending in cities during the 1920s and 1930s, while stricter voting rules reduced the likelihood of municipal default in the 1930s. These rules thus determined not only the degree of debt accumulation in early 20th century cities, but also their infrastructure investment and financial health. Debt restrictions and municipal indebtedness in American cities: evidence from the Roaring Twenties By Samara Gunter and James Siodla Colby College, Waterville, ME, USA Corresponding author. Email: jrsiodla@colby.edu [jrsiodla@colby.edu] This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license, which permits unrestricted re use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Voice by voicemaker.in This was produced by Brandon Casturo Gunter, S., & Siodla, J. (2022). Debt restrictions and municipal indebtedness in American cities: Evidence from the Roaring Twenties. Journal of Institutional Economics, 1-16. doi:10.1017/S174413742200011X https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-institutional-economics/article/debt-restrictions-and-municipal-indebtedness-in-american-cities-evidence-from-the-roaring-twenties/49AC652A4ABA376B022B9F5429991D1A [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-institutional-economics/article/debt-restrictions-and-municipal-indebtedness-in-american-cities-evidence-from-the-roaring-twenties/49AC652A4ABA376B022B9F5429991D1A]

Deconstructing corporate activism: a consumer approach by Nuria Villagra, Joaquin Sanchez, Jorge Clemente, and Teresa Pintado.

Defending social and political positions other than those that a company's clients might support has always been an avoidable risk. However, this practice, called ‘corporate activism,’ has gradually been integrated into the strategies of organizations. The object of this work is thus to understand the antecedents of corporate activism from the consumer's point of view. To understand this, we carry out structural equation modeling (SEM) based on a sample of 1,521 consumers. The results demonstrate that: (i) institutional credibility, corporate credibility, and authenticity act as antecedents of corporate activism; (ii) corporate credibility has a positive influence on corporate activism, while institutional credibility has a negative impact. These findings represent an interesting and novel contribution that helps to understand how these types of high-risk strategies should be adopted. The application of these results could enable companies to determine the conditions that favor a positive evaluation of corporative activism by consumers and avoid the use of such strategies in less favorable situations. Nuria Villagra is professor of Brand Management and Corporate Social Responsibility at Complutense University of Madrid. Her current research interests include corporate branding, responsible brands, and CSR communication effectiveness. Her papers have been published in the Journal of Business Research, Journal of Consumer Behavior, Communication & Society, Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society, and elsewhere. She is a Senior Fellow and Co-director of the Branding and Integrated Communication Centre and a Research Fellow for the Iberdrola Chair of Economic and Business Ethics (Comillas Pontifical University of Madrid). Joaquin Sanchez is professor of Marketing Research at Complutense University of Madrid. His current research interests include advertising effectiveness and brand equity valuation. His papers have been published in the Journal of Advertising Research, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Journal of Marketing Channels, and elsewhere. He is also member of the Branding and Integrated Communication Centre (Complutense University of Madrid). Jorge Clemente Mediavilla is professor of Audiovisual Production at the Complutense University of Madrid. His current research interests include branded content and new advertising communication platforms. His papers have been published in the Review of Communication Research, The Information Professional, Communication & Society, and elsewhere. He is also director of the Center for Branding and Integrated Communication (Complutense University of Madrid). Teresa Pintado is professor of Marketing Research at Complutense University of Madrid. Her current research interests focus on communication and consumer behavior. Her papers have been published in the Journal of Administrative and Social Sciences, the International Journal of Communication Research, and elsewhere. She is also author of several books, such as Marketing Fundamentals, or Corporate Image. She is a Research Fellow of the Center for Branding and Integrated Communication (Complutense University of Madrid). *Corresponding author. E-mail: joaquins@ucm.es [joaquins@ucm.es] This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)], which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Voice by voicemaker.in This was produced by Brandon Casturo Villagra, N., Sanchez, J., Clemente, J., & Pintado, T. (2022). Deconstructing corporate activism: A consumer approach. Journal of Management & Organization, 1-15. doi:10.1017/jmo.2022.70 https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-management-and-organization/article/deconstructing-corporate-activism-a-consumer-approach/EB666C77A972D7B5AABFF22658A95906 [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-management-and-organization/article/deconstructing-corporate-activism-a-consumer-approach/EB666C77A972D7B5AABFF22658A95906]

Quantifying the impact of context on the quality of manual hate speech annotation. Natural Language Engineering

The quality of annotations in manually annotated hate speech datasets is crucial for automatic hate speech detection. This contribution focuses on the positive effects of manually annotating online comments for hate speech within the context in which the comments occur. We quantify the impact of context availability by meticulously designing an experiment: Two annotation rounds are performed, one in-context and one out-of-context, on the same English YouTube data (more than 10,000 comments), by using the same annotation schema and platform, the same highly trained annotators, and quantifying annotation quality through inter-annotator agreement. Our results show that the presence of context has a significant positive impact on the quality of the manual annotations. This positive impact is more noticeable among replies than among comments, although the former is harder to consistently annotate overall. Previous research reporting that out-of-context annotations favor assigning non-hate-speech labels is also corroborated, showing further that this tendency is especially present among comments inciting violence, a highly relevant category for hate speech research and society overall. We believe that this work will improve future annotation campaigns even beyond hate speech and motivate further research on the highly relevant questions of data annotation methodology in natural language processing, especially in the light of the current expansion of its scope of application. Nikola Ljubešić Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia Faculty of Computer and Information Science, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia Igor Mozetič Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia Petra Kralj Novak Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia Central European University, Vienna, Austria Corresponding author. Nikola Ljubešić E-mail: nikola.ljubesic@ijs.si [nikola.ljubesic@ijs.si] This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license, which permits unrestricted re use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Voice by voicemaker.in This was produced by Brandon Casturo Ljubešić, N., Mozetič, I., & Kralj Novak, P. (2022). Quantifying the impact of context on the quality of manual hate speech annotation. Natural Language Engineering, 1-14. doi:10.1017/S1351324922000353 https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/natural-language-engineering/article/quantifying-the-impact-of-context-on-the-quality-of-manual-hate-speech-annotation/B6E813E528CE094DBE489ABD3A047D8A [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/natural-language-engineering/article/quantifying-the-impact-of-context-on-the-quality-of-manual-hate-speech-annotation/B6E813E528CE094DBE489ABD3A047D8A] Hate speech

Costs of common perinatal mental health problems in South Africa

Background Perinatal mental health problems, defined as mental health problems occurring from the start of pregnancy to one year after birth, substantially affect women's and children's quality of life in low- and middle-income countries. In South Africa, despite high prevalence and documented negative impacts, most women do not receive any care. Methods A modelling study examined the costs of perinatal mental health problems, namely depression and anxiety, for a hypothetical cohort of women and their children in South Africa over part of their life course (10 years for women, 40 years for children). In sensitivity analysis, additional impacts of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and completed suicide were included. Data sources were published findings from cohort studies, as well as epidemiological and economic data from South Africa. Data from international studies were considered where no data from South Africa were available. Results Lifetime costs of perinatal depression and anxiety in South Africa amount to USD 2.8 billion per annual cohort of births. If the impacts of PTSD and suicide are included, costs increase to USD 2.9 billion. This includes costs linked to losses in quality of life (USD 1.8 billion), losses in income (USD 1.1 billion) and public sector costs (USD 3.5 million). Conclusions Whilst important progress has been made in South Africa with regards to mental health policies and interventions that include assessment and management of perinatal mental health problems, substantial underinvestment prevents progress. Findings from this study strengthen the economic case for investing in perinatal mental health care. This article was written by Annette Bauer London School of Economics and Political Science LSE, Care Policy and Evaluation Centre, Emily Garman Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Alan J Flisher Centre for Public Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Donela Besada Health Systems Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Sally Field Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Perinatal Mental Health Project, Alan J Flisher Centre for Public Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Martin Knapp London School of Economics and Political Science LSE, Care Policy and Evaluation Centre, and Simone Honikman Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Perinatal Mental Health Project, Alan J Flisher Centre for Public Mental Health, University of Cape Town Author for correspondence: Annette Bauer, E-mail: a.bauer@lse.ac.uk [a.bauer@lse.ac.uk] This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license, which permits unrestricted re use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Voice by voicemaker.in This was produced by Brandon Casturo Bauer, A., Garman, E., Besada, D., Field, S., Knapp, M., & Honikman, S. 2022. Costs of common perinatal mental health problems in South Africa. Global Mental Health, 1 10. doi:10.1017/gmh.2022.48 https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/global-mental-health/article/costs-of-common-perinatal-mental-health-problems-in-south-africa/D6A4205A3E445261C0559864E4F40D7E [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/global-mental-health/article/costs-of-common-perinatal-mental-health-problems-in-south-africa/D6A4205A3E445261C0559864E4F40D7E]

The primacy of property; or, the subordination of property rights by Bart J. Wilson

A property right, the standard view maintains, is a proper subset of the most complete and comprehensive set of incidents for full ownership of a thing. The subsidiary assumption is that the pieces that are property rights compose the whole that is ownership or property, i.e., that property rights explain property. In reversing the standard view I argue that (1) a custom of intelligent and meaningful human action explains property and that (2) as a custom, property is a historical process of selecting actions conditional on the context. My task is to explain how a physical world of human bodies with minds that feel, think, know, and want gives rise to a custom of property with meaning and purpose. Property is primary because ideas are primary. This article was written by Bart J. Wilson Smith, Institute for Political Economy and Philosophy & Economic Science Institute, Chapman University He can be reached at bartwilson@gmail.com [bartwilson@gmail.com] This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license, which permits unrestricted re use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Voice by voicemaker.in This was produced by Brandon Casturo Wilson, B. 2022. The primacy of property; or, the subordination of property rights. Journal of Institutional Economics, 1 17. doi:10.1017 S1744137422000212