Windy City Historians Podcast

Special Episode – Champlain’s Dream

In this special episode of the Windy City Historians we revisit our discussion of 17th Century French explorer Jean Nicolet with the late historian John Swenson, J.D.. This was his last interview in which, John presents a new take, context, and history of Samuel de Champlain and Jean Nicolet’s adventures to establish New France, after the colony was taken by English privateers in 1629. Join us to learn more about this amazing history of exploration to better understand the roots of the Western European conquest of the new world and Great Lakes region. Did Jean Nicolet really venture into Green Bay? Could he have surveyed the mid-continental divide and been feted by Illinois tribes? Listen in as we honor and give tribute to Chicago historian John Swenson, a great friend to the podcast, and some fascinating history. [http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Samuel_de_Champlain-450x492-1.jpg]http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Samuel_de_Champlain-450x492-1.jpg Jean Nicolet [http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Nicolet.jpeg]http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Nicolet.jpeg [http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Interviewing-John-Swenson-e1726427288884-1024x606.png]http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Interviewing-John-Swenson-e1726427288884.pngJohn Swenson, Patrick McBriarty & Chris Lynch LINKS TO RESEARCH AND HISTORIC SOURCES: * The book, Champlain’s Dream [https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Champlains-Dream/David-Hackett-Fischer/9781416593331] by David Hackett Fischer * Chart of the history of Canada 1534 to 1894 Ursuline Convent [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=aeu.ark:/13960/t9x06q65q&seq=10]on the HathiTrust website * Nicollet estate inventory [https://collections.newberry.org/CS.aspx?VP3=DamView&VBID=2KXJA4HQ2DQ2&SMLS=1&RW=1355&RH=873] (original in French) at the Newberry Library * Champlain’s 1633 book Les Voyages de la Nouvelle France [https://archive.org/details/worksofsamueldec06chamuoft/page/50/mode/2up] (Paris, 1632) online via Internet Archive – open to pp. 50-51 to the incursion of the Kirkes in 1629 * Biography of Brother Gabriel Sagard [https://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/sagard_gabriel_1E.html] (barer of the red robe) in Dictionary of Canadian Biography * Biography of Theodore (Charles) Du Plessis-Bochart [https://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/du_plessis_bochart_charles_1E.html] in the Dictionary of Canadian Biography * Theodore Du Plessis-Bochart [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Bochart_du_Plessis] in Wikipedia of France * Paper about “Théodore Bochart; fondateur de Trois-Rivières et officier dans la marine du Roi [///Users/patrickmcbriarty/Downloads/Theodore_Bochart_fondateur_de_Trois_Rivi.pdf]” (biography a dozen pages) by Yannick Gendron [https://uqtr.academia.edu/YannickGendron?swp=tc-au-27191199] (in French) * Movie about Cardinal Richelieu [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OJBLVt8C6bE] (1935) on YouTube * Jesuit Relations [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100159486?type[]=all&lookfor[]=jesuit relations&filter[]=authorStr%3AThwaites%2C Reuben Gold%2C 1853-1913&ft=] online by volume on HathiTrust website * List relating Jesuit Relation years and volumes [https://rla.unc.edu/Louisiane/jesuit.html]

Special Episode – Buzzing Through Time

In this Special Episode we take a view of Chicago History — Cicada style. For in the world of entomology, 2024 was a big year.  As two cicada broods The Great Southern Brood [https://cicadas.uconn.edu/brood_19/], which emerge every 13-years and is the largest of all periodical cicada broods and The Northern Illinois Brood [https://cicadas.uconn.edu/brood_13/] which emerges every 17-years, coincided in 2024.  In places like Springfield, Illinois one could witness both broods in a cacophony of ear-shattering buzzing.   The last time these broods coincided was in 1803, the same year Fort Dearborn was built near the lakefront at a bend in the Chicago River — what is now the intersection of Wacker Drive and Michigan Avenue.  For those paying attention walking through this intersection will see rectangular brass inserts marking the boundaries of Fort Dearborn. It turns out the arrival of the 17-year cicadas offers an interesting metronome for the study of Chicago history.  These emergences have come at momentous times throughout the city’s history, and coincide with at least two events memorialized as stars on the Chicago flag. Join the Windy City Historians as we buzz through 221 years of history to see how cicadas left their mark on Chicago’s history.  [http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/IMG_0730-rotated.jpg]http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/IMG_0730-rotated.jpg [http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/IMG_0746-rotated.jpg]http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/IMG_0746-rotated.jpg [http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/IMG_0748-rotated.jpg]http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/IMG_0748-rotated.jpg LINKS TO RESEARCH AND HISTORIC SOURCES: * The New York Times had a fabulous article called “Maps of Two Cicada Broods, Revealed after 221 years, [https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/science/cicada-maps.html?smid=nytcore-ios-share&referringSource=articleShare&sgrp=c-cb]” by Jonathan Forum * Biography of United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Botanist Harry A. Allard [https://siarchives.si.edu/collections/auth_per_fbr_eacp123] (1880-1962) * “Where billions of cicadas will emerge this spring (and over the next decade), in one map [https://www.vox.com/science/24047261/cicada-brood-xix-xiii-19-13-map]” by Brian Resnick, Vox website, May 3, 2024 * Biography of William B. Ogden [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_B._Ogden], Wikipedia website * The Peshtigo Fire [https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS1750], Wisconsin Historical Society website, historical essay * Goose Island [http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/300045.html]: From the Encyclopedia of Chicago website * Benjamin Harrison [https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/benjamin-harrison/], The biography for President Harrison and past presidents is courtesy of the White House Historical Association * History of the Chicago Defender [https://chicagodefender.com/history-of-the-chicago-defender/], Chicago Defender website * Biography of Marian Anderson [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_Anderson] in Wikipedia website * YouTube video on , John F. Kennedy nominates Adlai Stevenson [https://youtu.be/kmq6wWrvWYo] in 1955 * Album details of Louis Armstrong [https://www.discogs.com/master/411027-Louis-Armstrong-Chicago-Concert-1956] Chicago Concert – 1956 on Discogs website * Biography of Mike Royko [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Royko] on Wikipedia website * Exhibit Looks at Legendary Chicago Journalist Mike Royko and a Changing Media Industry [https://news.wttw.com/2024/08/23/exhibit-looks-legendary-chicago-journalist-mike-royko-and-changing-media-industry], by Marc Vitali [https://news.wttw.com/stories-by-author/Marc Vitali] | August 23, 2024 4:07 pm on WTTW website * The Sears Tower [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Tower] on Wikipedia website * “Cicada Map of Chicago’s Suburbs [https://www.nbcchicago.com/cicadas-illinois-chicago-2024/not-seeing-any-cicadas-see-map-of-which-suburbs-have-highest-lowest-sightings/3445230/]” By NBC 5 Staff [https://www.nbcchicago.com/author/nbc-5-staff-17/] • Published May 23, 2024 • Updated on May 23, 2024 at 12:43 pm

Episode 30 – The Front Page

Chicago is blessed to still have two daily newspapers, while many other U.S. cities are lucky to have one. And too many these days have none. In light of such loss, it is remarkable to learn that at one time, Chicago had at least nine newspapers and in that age reporters and editors would do just about anything to get a scoop. The era is epitomized by the stage play “The Front Page” authored by Ben Hecht and Charles MacArthur, who mined their experiences as Chicago reporters into Broadway and Hollywood fame. One of the most infamous men who lived through this Front Page Era and beyond was Harry Romanoff. As the resourceful night editor of the Chicago American “Romy”, as he was best know, would regularly outwit his competition armed with little more than a telephone to purloin gritty details, suss out the story, and get the scoop.  Today my co-host Chris Lynch has scored a historic scoop! So the Windy City Historians can bring you a 54-year-old, previously unknown, and never before available audio of Harry “Romy” Romanoff spinning tales from his 50-year career. Do not miss hearing these incredible stories from the 1920s to the 1960s from the man himself. Stories about the rich and famous, murderers, high-society scandals, gangsters and more. Join us in this extended episode for the colorful antics and anecdotes of a key newsman who not only witnessed but helped create Chicago’s newspaper heyday. Also catch a rare recording of Romy’s friend William Sianis founder of the famed Billy Goat Tavern & Grill and the Cubs curse of the goat. The Front Page credits from the 1931 Howard Hughes film. [http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/the_front_page.jpg]http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/the_front_page.jpgCredits from the 1931 Movie Photos of "The Front Page" stage play Chicago newsmen Ben Hecht and Charles Macarthur [http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Charlie-Mcarthur.webp]http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Charlie-Mcarthur.webpBen Hecht and Charles Macarthur Front Page of the Chicago American from July 1915 reporting on the Eastland Disaster in the Chicago River. [http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/1_d752056b32e678938d381398c2a3d32d.jpg]http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/1_d752056b32e678938d381398c2a3d32d.jpgChicago American front page The Front Page of the Chicago American on Wednesday, October 13, 1926. [http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/17248eac0.jpg]http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/17248eac0.jpgChicago American front page Image of newsman and editor Harry J. Romanoff reading for CBS. [http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/romanoff.webp]http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/romanoff.webpHarry J. Romanoff The Front Page of Chicago's American reporting on the Richard Speck murders of student nurses from 1966. [http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/empire-chicago-american-66.png]http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/empire-chicago-american-66.png Harold Fowler McCormick privileged son of Cyrus McCormick the founder of the McCormick Reaper Works that later became International Harvester. [http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Harold-Fowler-McCormick-1872-1941.jpg]http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Harold-Fowler-McCormick-1872-1941.jpgHarold Fowler McCormick Ganna Walska the beautiful opera singer who couldn't sing but was very good at collecting wealthy husbands. [http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Ganna-Walska-1-copy-2.jpg]http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Ganna-Walska-1-copy-2.jpgGanna Walska Samuel "Samoots" Amatuna the gangster and hitman who died November 13, 1925 a couple days after being shot at a barbershop. [http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Samoots-Ammatuna.jpg]http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Samoots-Ammatuna.jpgSamuel “Samoots” Amatuna [http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Robert-Irwin-the-Mad-Sculptor.webp]http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Robert-Irwin-the-Mad-Sculptor.webpRobert Irwin – the Mad Sculptor [http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Sun-Times-News-Room-1024x819.webp]http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Sun-Times-News-Room.webpSun-Times News Room c.1950 [http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Screen-Shot-2023-12-31-at-6.33.10-PM-912x1024.png]http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Screen-Shot-2023-12-31-at-6.33.10-PM.pngWilliam Sianis, former proprietor of the Billy Goat Tavern with Murphy his goat in 1945. LINKS TO RESEARCH AND HISTORIC SOURCES: * Ben Hecht [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ben-Hecht] biography in the Encyclopedia Britannica * The play The Front Page [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Front_Page] in Wikipedia * The 1931 film The Front Page [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SS2Kezl0EZ4] (1 hr. 40 min.) produced by Howard Hughes on YouTube * Chicago newsman and editor Harry J. Romanoff’s Obituary [https://www.nytimes.com/1970/12/19/archives/harry-j-romanoff-chicago-newsman.html] from the New York Times * Charles Macarthur [https://spartacus-educational.com/Acharles_Macarthur.htm] biography from Spartacus Education * Harold Fowler McCormick [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Fowler_McCormick] in Wikipedia * Ganna Walska [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganna_Walska] in Wikipedia * Serge Voronoff [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_Voronoff] in Wikipedia * Sculptor “Lorado Taft and Chicago Sculpture [http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1723.html]” from the Encyclopedia of Chicago * Series Murderer, “Robert Irwin: The Mad Sculptor [https://www.amazon.com/Mad-Sculptor-Maniac-Murder-Nation/dp/0544114310]” on the Encyclopedia of Chicago website * Ganster Samuzzo Amatuna [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuzzo_Amatuna] in Wikipedia * The death of Samuel “Samoots” Amatuna on Nov. 13, 1925 as reported in the Chicago Daily Tribune * Chicago and Midway Airport Photographer Mike Rotunno and Chris’ book When Hollywood Landed at Chicago’s Midway Airport: The Photos & Stories of Mike Rotunno [https://www.amazon.com/Hollywood-Landed-Chicagos-Midway-Airport/dp/1609495926] * Chicago south side’s March 4th, 1961 Tornado [https://www.chicagotribune.com/weather/ct-wea-0304-asktom-20150303-column.html] in the Chicago Tribune’s “Ask Tom”, on March 3, 2015 * “The Billy Goat Curse [https://www.billygoattavern.com/legend/curse/]” the legend explained on The Billy Goat Tavern & Grill’s website and Bleacher Nation’s take on the Curse, “75 Years Ago Today, a Dude Got Mad About a Goat [http://75 Years Ago Today, a Dude Got Mad About a Goat]” with a video * An interesting side gig for Harry Romanoff included the Burma Brand which was part of his company the “Empire Spice Mills MFG Co., est. 1936 [https://www.madeinchicagomuseum.com/single-post/empire-spice-mills/]” on the Made in Chicago website

Episode 29 – The 1919 Race Riots

All too often history repeats itself — with tragic results. During the last 100-years, the killing of one person becomes symbolic and spawns a larger tragedy. Irregularly bubbling to the surface these crises rise from elemental rents and systemic failures in the fabric of society. We call to mind the deaths of George Floyd in Minneapolis on May 25th, 2020 and beating of Rodney King in Los Angeles on March 3rd, 1991 and so on cascading back to the stoning and subsequent drowning of Eugene Williams on July 27th, 1919 off Chicago’s 29th Street Beach. The violence inflicted on these three men (and countless others) focused outrage to rally outcries, spark civil unrest and riots lasting multiple days. The conditions fanning the flames did not occur in a vacuum nor isolation, but built over time, due to compounding slights, inequality, and oppression. Although intermittent riots sprang up in different eras and regions of the country, the basic facts were the same; Black men were killed or beaten by white policemen or in Eugene Williams’ case, stones thrown and the palpable anger of whites against Blacks caused the drowning of the 17 year-old. In the aftermath of these deaths and days of violence people asked, “Why did this happen?” In Windy City Historians podcast Episode 29 – “The Chicago Race Riots of 1919” we explore the conditions of that hot, “Red Summer”, where Chicago, (and other cities) wrestled with the chaos of civil unrest. Through interviews with Claire Hartfield [https://clairehartfield.com/], the author of “A Few Red Drops: The Chicago Race Riot of 1919”, as well as commentary from Professor Charles Branham, Ph.D. [https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/charles-russell-branham-41] we walk through the riot’s lasting legacy on Chicago, it’s Black community, and the many questions raised by an oppressive summer a century ago. Questions that are still being raised today, more than a century later. [http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Eugene-Williams.png]http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Eugene-Williams.png [http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Screen-Shot-2023-05-27-at-1.54.02-PM.png]http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Screen-Shot-2023-05-27-at-1.54.02-PM.png [http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Robert-Sengstacke-Abbott.png]http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Robert-Sengstacke-Abbott.pngRobert S. Abbott, Publisher of the Chicago Defender [http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Crowd-at-Bank-i065481_pm_web-CHM-JF-1-1024x794.jpg]http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Crowd-at-Bank-i065481_pm_web-CHM-JF-1.jpgCrowd in front of a storefront during the race riots in 1919. [http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/cst.brightspotcdn.webp]http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/cst.brightspotcdn.webpExamples of 1919 Commemoration Project glass blocks [http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Ogedn-Cafe-tensions-rise-Jun-Fujita.webp]http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Ogedn-Cafe-tensions-rise-Jun-Fujita.webpCrowd of men and National Guard Soldiers at tail end of 1919 Riots [http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/cropped-Header7-1024x465.jpg]http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/cropped-Header7.jpgBlack Veteran encounters National Guard Soldier during Riots. Black Veterans defended their neighborhoods from whites, while Guardsmen’s job was to quell violence. LINKS TO RESEARCH AND HISTORIC SOURCES: * “Chicago Race Riots of 1919 [https://www.chicagohistory.org/chi1919/]” by Julius L. Jones, Chicago History Museum Blog * “Chicago Race Riots [http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1032.html]“, Chicago Encyclopedia * “City on Fire: Chicago Race Riot 1919 [https://www.wbez.org/stories/city-on-fire-chicago-race-riot-1919/850716e4-0804-4531-8614-86b78e03ba25]“, by Natalie Moore, WBEZChicago, Nov. 23, 2019 * “Carl Sandburg and the Chicago Race Riots of 1919 [https://www.nps.gov/carl/learn/historyculture/chicago-race-riots.htm]“, Carl Sandburg Home, National Park Service, website * Carl Sandburg poem “I am the People, the Mob [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vfrlYx0-B7E]” by Poetry in Voice 2016 winner Marie Foolchand at the Griffin Poetry Prize awards – audio used in this episode (at 39:20) * In Memoriam, August Meier [https://www.historians.org/research-and-publications/perspectives-on-history/september-2003/in-memoriam-august-a-meier], by David Levering Lewis, Perspectives on History, Sept. 1, 2003 * The book, “A Few Red Drops: The Chicago Race Riot of 1919” [https://www.amazon.com/Few-Red-Drops-Chicago-Race/dp/1520091400] by Claire Hartfield * The book, ”City of Scoundrels: The 12 Days of Disaster that Gave Birth to Modern Chicago” [https://www.amazon.com/City-Scoundrels-Disaster-Modern-Chicago/dp/0307454290/ref=asc_df_0307454290/?tag=hyprod-20&linkCode=df0&hvadid=312607785736&hvpos=&hvnetw=g&hvrand=18293748045895595238&hvpone=&hvptwo=&hvqmt=&hvdev=m&hvdvcmdl=&hvlocint=&hvlocphy=9021759&hvtargid=pla-569400131982&psc=1&tag=&ref=&adgrpid=61775261186&hvpone=&hvptwo=&hvadid=312607785736&hvpos=&hvnetw=g&hvrand=18293748045895595238&hvqmt=&hvdev=m&hvdvcmdl=&hvlocint=&hvlocphy=9021759&hvtargid=pla-569400131982] by Gary Krist. * “Black Soldiers in American Wars: Chicago’s ‘Fighting 8th’ and the 370th Regiment [http://www.blackhistoryheroes.com/2010/02/black-soldiers-in-american-wars-eighth.html?m=1]” from Black History Heros Blog * “Flashback: Chicago’s first black alderman sat as the lone African-American voice on the city’s council – and then, Congress [Chicago’s first black alderman sat as the lone African-American voice on the city's council - and then, Congress]“, by Christen A. Johnson, Chicago Tribune, Feb. 14, 2023 * The book, Big Bill of Chicago [https://nupress.northwestern.edu/9780810123199/big-bill-of-chicago/] by Lloyd Wendt and Herman Kogan, Forward by Rick Kogan * The Negro in Chicago; A Study of Race Relations and a Race Riot [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/57343/57343-h/57343-h.htm], by the Chicago Commission on Race Relations * The Chicago Race Riot of 1919 Commemoration Project (CCR19) [https://chicagoraceriot.org/history/legacies/] by Peter Cole, Franklin N. Cosey-Gay, Myles X Francis * Robert S. Abbott [https://chicagoliteraryhof.org/inductees/profile/robert-sengstacke-abbott], Chicago Literary Hall of Fame website * “1919 Race Riots Memorial Project will honor victims where the died — in streets all over city [https://chicago.suntimes.com/news/2023/2/20/23546806/1919-race-riots-memorial-project-chicago-history-glass-bricks-project-fire]“, by Michael Loria, Chicago Sun Times, Feb. 20, 2023 * “1914–Chicago Surface Lines [https://chicagology.com/transportation/chicagosurfacelines/]“, Chicagology * “Mapping Chicago’s 1919 race riots [https://news.uchicago.edu/story/mapping-chicagos-1919-race-riots]“, by Jack Wang, UChicago News, July 22, 2019

Episode 28 – WWI & Chicago Transformed

We are still living with many of the changes brought about by the Great War. The war to end all wars as World War I was called and the war’s impacts dramatically changed Chicago and the world. As we discuss, WWI tipped society to institute Prohibition, playing the national anthem at sporting events, spurred The Great Migration, suppressed of Chicago’s German culture, and made Jazz popular. All of these changes and more still affect and resonate in Chicago today. In this episode join us as we talk with historian Joe Gustaitis about these fascinating stories from his third book Chicago Transformed: World War I and the Windy City. Don’t miss this great discussion about the early 20th Century transformation by WWI of Chicago from a strongly German city into an even more diverse patchwork quilt of peoples and ethnicities of today. [http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Chicago-parade-of-370th-Infantry-on-Mich-AVe.jpg]http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Chicago-parade-of-370th-Infantry-on-Mich-AVe.jpgParade of 370th Infantry in 1919 [http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Joe-Gustaitis-Portrait_58-copy.jpg]http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Joe-Gustaitis-Portrait_58-copy.jpgAuthor Joseph Gustaitis [http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/HeraldExam-12-crowd-Armistace-Day-1024x673.jpg]http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/HeraldExam-12-crowd-Armistace-Day.jpgArmistice Day in Chicago [http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/ROTC_infantry_drill.width-400-Stagg-Field-1917.jpg]http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/ROTC_infantry_drill.width-400-Stagg-Field-1917.jpgROTC Drills on Stagg Field in 1917 [http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/370th-double_0-black-regiment-1024x576.jpg]http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/370th-double_0-black-regiment.jpg370th Infantry (Old Illinois 8th) [http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/15th-New-York-singing-upon-return-from-WWI.jpg]http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/15th-New-York-singing-upon-return-from-WWI.jpg15th New York singing during return from WWI [http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Troops-in-Chicago-Tribune-1024x800.jpg]http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Troops-in-Chicago-Tribune.jpgDough boys marching in Chicago in 1917 [http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/world-war-1-Univ-of-Chi-ROTC-1024x538.png]http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/world-war-1-Univ-of-Chi-ROTC.pngROTC Drills at Stagg Field on Univ. of Chicago Campus [http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/War-Exposition-Grant-Park-Poster-740x1024.jpg]http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/War-Exposition-Grant-Park-Poster.jpg [http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/War-Exposition-at-Grant-Park-Sept-1918.jpg]http://windycityhistorians.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/War-Exposition-at-Grant-Park-Sept-1918.jpgU.S. Government War Exposition at Grant Park – Sept. 2-15, 1918 LINKS TO RESEARCH AND HISTORIC SOURCES: * “History of American Music, as Recorded in Richmond, Indian”, [https://beltmag.com/the-history-of-american-music-as-recorded-in-richmond-indiana/] by Avery Gregurich, Belt Magazine, Dec. 3, 2021 * “Richmond: Birthplace of Recorded” [http://memory.loc.gov/diglib/legacies/loc.afc.afc-legacies.200003002/], Originally submitted by: David M. McIntosh, Representative (2nd District) Library of Congress, Local Legacies website * “The Paramount Records story: How Grafton left an unlikely legacy on American blues music” [https://spectrumnews1.com/wi/milwaukee/news/2022/02/18/the-paramount-records-story--how-grafton-left-an-unlikely-legacy-on-american-blues-music], by Maddie Burakoff, Spectrum News 1, Feb. 20, 2022 * “The Chicagoans who served in World War I” [https://www.chicagotribune.com/opinion/commentary/ct-perspec-flash-wwi-world-war-hemingway-mccormick-0311-20180307-story.html] by Ron Grossman, Chicago Tribune, March 18, 2018 * “Germans” [http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/512.html] from the Encyclopedia of Chicago * About Kennesaw Mountain Landis, “Baseball’s first commissioner faced impeachment for taking the job” [https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2022/04/09/kenesaw-mountain-landis-baseball-impeachment/] by Frederic J. Frommer, The Washington Post, April 9, 2022 * “About Jane Addams and Hull House” [https://www.hullhousemuseum.org/about-jane-addams], Jane Addams-Hull House Museum website * “History” [https://cantigny.org/about-cantigny/history-mission/] About Contigny Park from their website * “Samuel J. ‘Nails’ Morton: From War Hero to Ganster” [http://www.annalsofcrime.com/02-02.htm] by Jay Robert Nash from the Annals of Crime website * “Why the Star Spangled Banner is Played At Sporting Events” [https://www.history.com/news/why-the-star-spangled-banner-is-played-at-sporting-events] by Becky Little, History Channel website, Aug. 31, 2018 * “Forgotten Story of Illinois’ Black World War I Regiment” [https://interactive.wttw.com/playlist/2017/11/10/forgotten-story-illinoiss-black-world-war-i-regiment], by Daniel Haultzinger, WTTW, Nov. 10, 2017 * Book Chicago Transformed: World War I and the Windy City [https://www.amazon.com/Chicago-Transformed-World-Windy-City/dp/0809334984] by Joe Gustaitis